Barnes and Nobles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Barnes and Nobles - Essay Example By this, it remarkable tries to create the best value for its both existing and prospective customers. At the very moment, it addresses this concern by implementing Barnes & Noble Cafes, NOOK bookstore, specialize 1 million unique book titles, and addressing its commitment to carry a vast selection of titles from many large or small publishers. In other words, its very point in doing this is to be the best specialty retail in America regardless of the products it sells. This is the very mission of Barnes & Noble and it is important for this company to address the level of product volume it promises to serve with its customers. As a specialty retail store, it is important for Barnes & Noble to hear the response of its customers in order to evaluate the level of value it has already given to its customers. In line with this, it is necessary that the Barnes & Noble should focus on the area of customer service in order to understand how far it is trying to create a value for its customer s. As of the moment, Barnes & Noble is open for questions and suggestions in order to address customers’ superior or excellent experience with them. This can be done via internet or through phone. In line with this, Barnes & Noble should create strategic measure on how far it addresses the level of customer service it promises to give. In line with this, it is important that the company should implement performance measurement strategy. One that can be applied is the balanced scorecard which helps aligns business’ visions and activities, and evaluates specific strategies. Under the balanced scorecard are priorities and one of them is customers. Thus, it is timely that Barnes & Noble should implement this, not just only on superficially dealing with customers’ concerns. Generic strategy It is therefore not a question what specific generic strategy Barnes & Noble is implementing. It is evident that since it wants to become a cut above the other or simply as the ma rket leader in its industry, differentiation strategy was made possible for its entire retailing activity. In line with this, it is also important that it tries to undergo a combined focus differentiation strategy. Under this, it caters to the specific needs of its customers considering that there are different segments of them that are involved. On the other hand, this can be tedious on its part but the bottom line is to guarantee that it fully understands the needs of its customers. This in return helps the company to provide a product for its customers and create a real need for them. In fact, in the modern marketing techniques, organizations have specific activity on the creation of needs for specific product or service offering (Boone & Kurtz, 2006). Grand strategy In the midst of information technology, it is important that Barnes & Noble should finally attempt to go global in its operation through the internet. In line with this, it is timely to integrate all its marketing ef forts not just in America but in the entire world through an online retailing strategy. Like eBay and other online retailing sites, it is timely for Barnes & Noble to momentarily adapt to new approaches as the market continuously is changing over time. With its retailing store trying to be online, it would open up its opportunity

Fair Value Accounting Essay Example for Free

Fair Value Accounting Essay This paper attempts to answer the question: â€Å"Is it reasonable to blame fair value accounting for any of the Wall Street mess? † This paper in effect settle whether the use of fair value accounting by listed companies in the major stock exchanges in the US, particularly those found in Wall Street, which the caused fall in prices of the stocks of these companies, was required of companies without justification; hence, it should be blamed for the mess. 2. Analysis and Discussion Any mess in the Wall Street is defined for this paper as one causing the stock prices of companies list in major stock exchanges of the US to fall and that it resulted to losses to investors. To have reasonable basis to blame fair value accounting for any Wall Street mess, does not simply mean that fair value accounting was the necessary cause of fall in the prices of corporate stocks but that the requirement of fair value accounting must not be fair. The question that must be decided therefore is whether fair value accounting is fair as basis of valuing corporate assets, liabilities and equity. A situation or condition is fair if it gives what is due to a person. If the concept of fair value is used in the context of an asset purchased or liability assumed in business, fair value implies that said asset or liability must neither be overpriced nor underpriced whether perceived or otherwise. The law of economics would have fair value as one representing that market price or that equilibrium price of a product or service (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 1992) which is also the value of something from a seller that is not forced to sell or from a buyer that is not forced to buy. Investors, creditors, and other persons expect to be treated fairly as they enter into transactions in terms of value that they will give in exchange to what they will receive. To illustrate, a person or company planning to invest in stocks will appreciate what is fair if the said person or company will earn sufficient return above cost of capital in exchange for the risks being faced by such person or company (Brigham, 2002). To have what is fair, the investors must know the accurate and reliable information about of the company to guide them about their chances of gaining or losing money. These users deserve to have the opportunity to have the true or accurate value of asset, liability or equity being dealt with in a business transaction as basis for valuing the stocks that they will invest with. Financial reports prepared companies, as guided by Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) accounting standard under fair value accounting, will provide these users the opportunity. Specifically, fair value accounting was made pursuant to FAS 157 as issued by US FASB for companies to reflect the accounting information on the real values of assets, liabilities and equity in the balance sheet as contrasted with presenting the information using the historical cost accounting (Meigs and Meigs, 1995). A group of analysts and portfolio managers actually formed part of those who influenced the passage of the fair value accounting for more relevant information in decision making (Chasan, 2008). Under FAS 157 defines fair value is defined as the price that would be received â€Å"to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants in a measurement date† (Sortur, 2007). If companies have restated their financial statements from historical cost accounting to fair value accounting, the purpose was laudable since in simple terms, the intention is to make the information more relevant, more accurate and more reliable for decision makers. If stockholders got affected in terms of lower price of stocks as a result of restatement of financial statements, the error was when they were made the purchase of their investments under the historical cost accounting. Since fair value accounting may also increase the value of the stocks if fair value is higher than cost, it could not be asserted that it should be blamed for the fall of prices but not praised for increased in price increase of stock prices. 3. Conclusion It can be concluded that it is not reasonable to blame fair value accounting for any of the Wall Street mess since fair value accounting is only bringing out what is fair to investors who deserved to know accurate and reliable information for making decisions. Fair value accounting is an accounting standard made by FASB that was made as a requirement from the corporation which must present truthful and reliable information for investors. As an alternative to historical value of accounting, fair value is expected to have present company more reliable information about their assets and liabilities in accordance with market prices. Its implementation may have caused companies to present their financial information and if the information presented were more truthful, the consequence of causing problems to companies should only be secondary to the purpose of providing objective and more reliable financial information. Any fall in stock prices from Wall Street may in fact have been caused by companies having to restate their financial statement pursuant to fair value accounting but the intention was to reflect to truer value of assets and liabilities of the corporations whose stocks got affected. Losers should not blame fair value accounting since the latter is just a guide to have more truthful information and they would have a change also of higher stock prices under fair value if warranted by market forces. If there was no basis for such more truthful information, then restatements of financial information using fair value would not have been made in the first place. If buyers and sellers are not being compelled to complete their transaction, fair value accounting must be held as fair and cannot be blamed for the mess. In fact, fair value accounting should have been introduced years ago for it could have saved some abuse and a lot of problems (Rees-Mogg, 2007). References: Brigham and Houston (2002), Introduction to Financial Management, Thomson-South Western, USA, 2002 Chasan, Emily (2008), Is fair value accounting really fair? {www document} URL, http://www. reuters. com/article/reutersEdge/idUSN1546484120080226, Accessed November 21, 2008 Meigs and Meigs (1995), Financial Accounting, McGraw-Hill, Inc, London, UK Rees-Mogg (2007), Why FAS 157 strikes dread into bankers, {www document} URL http://www. timesonline. co. uk/tol/comment/columnists/william_rees_mogg/article2852547. ece, Accessed November 21, 2008. Samuelson and Nordhaus (1992), Economics, McGraw-Hill, Inc, London, UK Sortur (2007) Fair Value Measurement, The Chartered Accountant {www document} URL, http://icai. org/resource_file/96471564-1574. pdf, Accessed November 21, 2008

The State of Mind of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

The State of Mind of Hamlet    The Elizabethan play The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark is one of William Shakespeare's most popular works.   One of the possible reasons for this play's popularity is the way Shakespeare uses the character Hamlet to exemplify the complex workings of the human mind. The approach taken by Shakespeare in Hamlet has generated countless different interpretations of meaning, but it is through  Ã‚   Hamlet's struggle to confront his internal dilemma, deciding when to revenge his fathers death, that the reader becomes aware of one of the more common interpretations in Hamlet; the idea that Shakespeare is attempting to comment on the influence that one's state of mind can have on the decisions they make in life. As the play unfolds, Shakespeare uses the encounters that Hamlet must face to demonstrate the effect that one's   perspective can   have on the way the mind works. In his book Some Shakespeare Themes & An Approach to Hamlet, L.C. Knight takes notice of   Shakespeare's use   of these encounters to journey into the workings of the human mind when he writes:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What we have in Hamlet is the exploration and implicit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   criticism of a particular state of mind or consciousness. In   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet, Shakespeare uses a series of encounters to reveal the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   complex state of the human mind, made up of reason, emotion,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and attitude towards the self, to allow the reader to make a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   judgment or form an opinion about fundamental aspects of human   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   life. (192)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare sets the stage for Hamlet's internal dilemma in   Act 1, Scene 5 of Hamlet when the ghost of Hamlet's father appears and   calls upon Hamlet to "revenge his foul and most unnatural murder"   (1.5.24).   It is from this point forward that Hamlet must struggle   with the dilemma of whether or not to kill Claudius, his uncle, and if   so when to actually do it.   As the play progresses, Hamlet does not   seek his revenge when the opportunity presents itself, and it is the   reasoning that Hamlet uses to justify his delay that becomes paramount   to the reader's understanding of the effect that Hamlet's mental perspective has on his situation. In order to fully understand how Hamlet's perspective plays an   important role in this play, the reader must attempt to answer the   fundamental question: Why does Hamlet procrastinate in taking revenge   on Claudius?

My Cultural Identity

Defining my own cultural identity by Stefanie A–ttl Culture is one of the most difficult concepts in the human social sciences and there are many different ways of defining it. It is often argued that culture is a learned behaviour pattern shared by a specific group of people. Culture is about shared meanings, and language is the privileged medium in which meaning is produced and exchanged. People sharing one culture interpret the world in roughly the same way. Defining my own cultural identity seems to me quite difficult. I actually have to admit that I am not quite sure which culture I belong to.I was born in Austria but my father comes from South Tyrol, the northern part of Italy, where Italian and German are spoken. Therefore I have Italian nationality but I have only some basic knowledge concerning the language. Although I live in Austria, there are still some traditions and cultural aspects in my family that are not Austrian. Not only is there some Italian influence, but also Canadian due to the fact that my motheraâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stepmother is British but emigrated to Canada. I havenaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t got Canadian nationality, but I was brought up bilingually (German/English).Furthermore I spent half a year living in Chile and therefore I was influenced by the Chilean way of life. Understandably I sometimes get quite confused about which culture I really belong to. There are several parameters for defining oneaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s culture, such as nationality, language, the country you live in, gender, social class, occupation, interests, educational levelaâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦. But the question is, which of these parameters is to be considered the most important. I have Italian nationality, but due to the fact that I donaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t really know the language I donaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t really feel Italian or aâ‚ ¬? Southern Tyrolianaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.And although I am not Canadian by citizenship I sometimes feel more at home there because of the language. Still, con cerning some traditional aspects, I am more familiar with the aâ‚ ¬? South Tyrolianaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ones but I donaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t really feel that I belong there because I donaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know Italian nor do I really speak German with a aâ‚ ¬? South Tyrolianaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ accent. I believe that not knowing the language could be seen as a barrier keeping me from really experiencing Italian culture. I strongly believe that one can somehow adopt a culture by learning specific behaviour patterns, values, moralities or more precisely, a certain way of life.I experienced this while living in Chile and I can say for sure that it was far more difficult to adjust to a new way of living and learn how to react in certain situations than learning the foreign language. Despite all these influences of different cultures, I still feel very Austrian due to the fact of actually living in this country. The parameters which I believe to be very important in order to define your culture are first of all the is the country you live in because your culture depends very much on what is happening around you.The second important aspect is language through which thoughts, ideas and feelings of a certain culture are represented. The least important thing in my opinion is the nationality because I believe this to be a very official way of defining your culture. But, as I already mentioned, I sometimes donaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t really know which culture I really belong to. I believe I am a mixture of all of them. Understanding home by Michael Pelitz â€Å"the night is your friend, your only friend the center stage, a moonscape as you walk. alk your head is a thread; your head’s a thread the eye of the needle becomes indistinct we’re just a sadder song away we’re just a sadder song away the mountaintops, the rainbow drops the fires from the temples and palaises. hurray the hierarchy that swallows me the pavement emptied out by night we’re just a sadder son g away we’re just a sadder song away we’re off to understanding home we’re off to understanding home we’re off to understanding home we’re just a sadder song away†Just as I reached Radetzkyplatz, passing by the Hotel Garni Lind, aâ‚ ¬? Understanding Homeaâ‚ ¬? ept rotating in my disc player. aâ‚ ¬? aâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦The center stage, a moonscape as you walkaâ‚ ¬?. The display warns: aâ‚ ¬? BATTERY LOWaâ‚ ¬? , but Alexaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ apartment is right across the square, so I decided not to worry about it. I suddenly remembered a letter I read on the internet, written by an Austrian social worker after his return from his social service year at the Holocaust Memorial Center in Detroit: aâ‚ ¬? When being abroadaâ‚ ¬? , he wrote, aâ‚ ¬? you become a true patriotaâ‚ ¬?! He stayed in the U. S. during the international crusade against the Austrian government in 2001.I started to remember all these artists who cancelled their concerts in Austria, and every single e-mail I had to send to my American friends, explaining aâ‚ ¬? the situationaâ‚ ¬?. And I had to think about all these desperate and aggressive anti-Moslem e-mails my mum received from a friend of hers who lives in Virginia, fearing that her son might not return from Iraq safely. I glanced over my shoulder to check on the traffic lights. Red. Suddenly I was confused, even a bit aggressive. I felt terribly blank despite the music, or maybe, because of the music. The whole world (including me) seems to be talking about sending, I thought!Sending e-mails, sending troops, sending messages, sending money, sending support, sending social workers. Mobility is the keyword of our times. Nobody seems to be talking about the sense of belonging. aâ‚ ¬? You become a true patriotaâ‚ ¬? , returns to my mind. I thought of how much I detest the concept of patriotism. To me, patriotism leads to flag-waving, flag-waving gives beautiful pictures, beaut iful picture are very likely to be shown in the news, satellites enable worldwide broadcasts within milliseconds, and the media have an incredible manipulating impact.I know the concept underlying the word aâ‚ ¬? patriotismaâ‚ ¬? is not that easy, but I am sure that patriotism is a great source of misunderstandings. The next moment I pictured myself at the soccer stadium singing the national anthem. Again, it leaves me confused. I felt exhausted. It has been a long day. An estimated 750 metres, the way from the U4-metrostation LandstraAYer HauptstraAYe to here, lay behind me. Another two and a half miles to the 23 rd district, where Iaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ve parked my car, 102 kilometres to MA? zzuschlag, my hometown, an additional 87 kilometres to Graz, the city where I live, and yet another 8944 km to Portland/Oregon, the place where I spent the most wonderful year imaginable, describe my route. I think about my travels, the times I was sent, the times I mobilized. The batteries ra n out on the final lines of the song.I would have loved to listen to the outro and the repetition of the chorus. I pushed the doorbell and heard the buzzing of reality. Maybe all of this is not as contradictory as I thought. Maybe the understanding of our cultural identity needs to aâ‚ ¬? travel lightaâ‚ ¬? in order to find its way back home. And in its backpack it carries all the concepts we fear, detest or treasures so much. aâ‚ ¬? Weaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re off to understanding homeaâ‚ ¬? , I repeated, as suddenly the front door opened and I entered the building. Cultural Identity by Ana Flac A couple of years ago I found myself wandering between cultures, customs and different traditions. At the beginning of this â€Å"cultural voyage† I was torn between contradictions which forced me to ask myself: Who am I? What makes me a Croatian? Six years ago a specific incident happened in Osijek which triggered off these thoughts .Morete mi reci da ide vlak za Cakovec? (Could you tell me when the next train goes to Cakovec? ), I asked a railway man as I was on my way home, after I had taken my entrance exam at Osijek University in 1998. The friendly man smiled and begged my pardon. He did not quite understand me. At this point I realized that I was no longer in my home town in Medjimurje and that all the competence I had in speaking my dialect which I’m so proud of could constitute a burden rather than a merit. This was the first time I perceived myself as being different from other people in Croatia.Some of my fellow students in Osijek rejected their dialect but I was proud of it and it made me somehow stand out from the crowd so I could be easily identified by it. I realized that my Medjimurian dialect was a part of my cultural identity. As time passed by I got to know many different people from the Slavonic region, their customs and their way of living. Since this region was greatly affected by the war, a very critical attitude towards Serbs h ad developed there. Most of the inhabitants often expressed their fury mostly against Serbs and emphasized Pan-Croatian nationalism.I noticed I wasn’t prepared to emphasize a Pan-Croatian position and I didn’t want to perceive the whole Serbian nation so destructively. I just couldn’t identify myself with all this Pan-Croatian nationalism and I mainly disagreed with people who had this kind of attitude. I kept my distance and withdrew into my regional cultural frames. After having spent two years in Osijek, I continued my studies in a completely different country, in Austria. I was very much excited about the new faces and new culture I was about to meet. And then one day I encountered a girl on the campus and we started talking.I found the conversation quite neat. Apart from other things, she wanted to know where I come from so I told her I was from Croatia. Ah, aus Kroatien.. those were the next words she said. They sounded strange, as if she got the whole pic ture of me when she found out about my origin. At this moment I realized there was not only no place left for my Medjimurian identity, which I am extremely proud of, but there was also hardly even any left for my Croatian identity. I was differentiated from other students by labels such as another ex-Yugoslavian or inhabitant of the Balkans.For the first time in my life I felt ashamed of my nationality. And from that moment on I was somehow torn between my Medjimurian pride and the feeling of shame for who I was in Austria. I was trapped in some generalized prejudices about myself that I did not want to have anything to do with. My identity was on the verge of being formed by some stereotypic views which I could not accept. But inspite of all these confrontations and contradictions I had to face and which scared me and disoriented me at first, they were also the one that gave me strength and motivated me to figure out who I really am.My Cultural Identity by Camilla Leimisch If someo ne asked me if I was proud to be Austrian or Finnish, I would not answer aâ‚ ¬? Yesaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ right away. Iaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ve always felt that proud was not the appropriate word to describe my feelings towards the country where I was born or the country where I grew up, because I find it hard to be proud of something that I did not decide or that I did not achieve on my own. But I do not want to be misunderstood: I am proud of my parents to whom I owe my bilingualism and who introduced me to both cultures right from the start (Finnish from my mother and Austrian from my father).I am also happy to have kept this bilingualism and I consider myself lucky to have two native countries. Although I was born in Finland and I was only two years old when my family moved to Austria, I have never considered Finland to be my second home country, in the sense of second best. This is because I have a family there, too, and I spend every summer in Finland. This is also because my mother took care that I did not forget my Finnish roots in Austria, so I could develop feelings of the same value for both of the countries, as well as an understanding of cultural awareness that is closely connected to the feeling of home.As I see it, not only my nationality is an important part of my cultural identity, but also what I have done and what I am doing in my country and in its society. Austria is the country where I live and study. As my main subject is music, and Austria is a country of great musicians, music has become a big part not only of my personal but also of my cultural identity. I also appreciate Austrian folk music which I consider a very relevant and unique cultural tradition in the country. With Finland, itaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s different. Iaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢d rather identify myself with Finnish people than with Austrian people.It is not easy to explain why. All I can say is that Finnish people are very attached to nature, and that I often share their moments of melancholy wh ich are even more intense when they are far away from their own country. Iaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ve already said that I am happy about my bilingualism. In fact, language is an important parameter for defining my cultural identity, because other people also define or identify you by the way you speak. Certainly you become most aware of your language when you find yourself in a foreign country where no-one speaks your language.What Iaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ve noticed is that if you are among people who do not only speak differently, but also behave differently and look different from you, you suddenly distinguish yourself culturally from the others, and your cultural identity becomes much more evident. The frequently asked question about whether I feel more Austrian or more Finnish is not easy to answer. I am not 100% Austrian and not 100% Finnish. But I think that this diversity which has shaped my personality is also the key to my cultural identity.

TV show

Check, Please! Bay Area is a local TV program, which reviews local restaurants. During each episode, three guests introduce their favorite restaurants to the television audience. Each guest also has to review the other two restaurants that are being featured on the show. Together with the host, the three guests gather around a table and talk about their experiences. The host of the show, Leslie Sbrocco, who has blond hair and wore a brown suit, talked throughout the program with a warm smile on her lips. Her guests were two guys, mark and Modesto, and a lady, Rachel. Mark is around thirty and a youth worker. Maybe because of his job, he has a great sense of humor and was the most interesting person on the show. His skin is brown and his body is big, which made him look like a huge but nice potato. His favorite restaurant is New Kapadokia, a Turkish restaurant. Modesto looks older than Mark and lives in San Francisco. His favorite restaurant, Aperto, is also located in the city. Modesto looks affable and kind. He had black and gray hair and wore glasses. The last guest, Rachel, is an art director. She is also a blond and wore a blue sweater. Rachel dressed kind of elegantly and likes elegant restaurants. The restaurant she preferred, Massa’s, was predictably expensive and formal. The room where the four of them sat looked like a dining room. In the center of the room was a large table on which set four glasses of wine. On other words, the host and guests sat around the table as if they were old friends having dinner and chatting in a luxurious dining room. The first restaurant they talked about was New Kapadokia, which was highly recommended by Mark. Mark lived in Turkey as a teenager and has wonderful memories of Turkish food. He told Leslie Sbrocco and other two guests that the first time he dined at New Kapadokia it was love at first sight. The restaurant, whose name comes from a real region of Turkey, is located in Redwood City. It is a medium sized restaurant with French windows, white table cloths and comfortable wooden chairs. Turkish pictures decorate the bright-yellow walls and make the environment distinctly exotic. The dishes are genuine Turkish style cuisine, according to Mark. Executive Chef, Meral Guvenc, has several signature dishes, which include kebabs, stuffed eggplant and one particular appetizer hat looks like a spring roll. Mark described the situation when he had first tasted this appetizer. â€Å"While my wife talked,† he said, â€Å"I just pounded them into my mouth. † Everyone laughed. During the meal, a few cups of flavorful tea were used to enliven the meal. The Turkish tea is served in small Turkish glasses and presented on shiny brass trays. Finally, the other two guests gave restaurant a good review. Since the location is unpretentious, people can afford it and still have a wonderful dining experience. The second restaurant was Aperto, which has been at the same location in San Francisco for 60 years. Similar in size to New Kapadokia, it is medium sized with twenty tables and French windows along the sidewalk side of the restaurant. The tables and chairs are of wood. The restaurant was very simply decorated but still looks neat and pleasant. The cuisine is Italian, and all the food is prepared with local Bay Area ingredients. The signature dishes of Executive Chef, Laura Guagliano-Montiel, are taglioline pepati, roasted chicken and butternut squash ravioli. There are also special recommendations from the chef everyday. Modesto said, â€Å"They are always different, but the special are always really special. The restaurant served only wine and beer,, and Rachel said that she and her husband were disappointed with the meal. However, the guys still thought it was a nice place to hang out with friends or to have a casual meal with a family since the price is reasonable and the restaurant attracts open and friendly people. All in all, it is an affordable neighborhood restaurant. The last restaurant was Masa’s, the one recommended by Rachel and, of the three restaurants featured on this particular program, the most elegant. Like Aperto, Masa’s is also a San Francisco restaurant. It is also a medium sizes restaurant but with no windows. All the light comes from the red-covered lamps hanging from the ceiling, which according to Rachel, are Masa’s most excellent decorations. The light is soft, with huge dark-red reflections on the floor. This lighting gives the restaurant a fabulous and somewhat mysterious atmosphere. The dark colored walls are decorated with simple-style pictures, copper statues and light-colored curtains, which create a wonderful contrast to the rest of the room’s deep richness. The cuisine offered by Masa’s is very contemporary French. Every course is somewhat sparse but very delicious. A very extensive wine list provides to the adventure in dining. Dinner at Masa’s is a journey to elegance. Mark said that he was nervous throughout the dinner. The prices are quite high, but the service, the food, and the ambience are exceptional. There are even private dining rooms. Rachel called it a fabulous five-star dinging experience. Generally speaking, this restaurant is expensive but classic and wonderful. If a formal dinner is needed or, if people want to try the good service, Masa’s is a good choice. Of the three restaurants featured on this particular episode of Check Please, New Kapadokia seems to be the best choice. It showcases casual-style dining at affordable prices for both lunch and dinner. Aperto and Masa’s also look like excellent choices, especially for people who live in the city. The reviews left by the audience who had been to these restaurants gave New Kapadokia the most support, so it is probably a good idea to go there first if you want a new dining experience. Some of the people said that the airing of Check Please, the restaurant become overcrowded, maybe it’s a good idea to make your reservation well in advance.

Dred scott v sanford essays

Dred scott v sanford essays The Dred Scott decision was an important ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States that had a significant influence on the issue of slavery. The case was decided in 1857 and, in effect, declared that no blackfree or slavecould claim United States citizenship. Slaves were viewed as property, and such had no individual right. Furthermore, the decision indicated that Congress could not prohibit slavery in United States territories. I believe that the decision was morally wrong and failed to recognize the rights of people to be free. In addition, the ruling had many political and social implications, aroused angry resentment in the North and led the nation a step closer to civil war. The decision was finally overridden after the Civil War with the introduction and passage of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This amendment, adopted in 1868, extended citizenship to former slaves and gave them the benefit and protection of individual rights. (textbook, 295) The Dred Scott the decision involved a slave owned by U.S. Army surgeon, John Emerson. Emerson lived in Missouri, a state that permitted slavery. In 1834, Scott went to live with Emerson in Illinois, a state that prohibited slavery. They later lived in the Wisconsin Territory, where slavery was forbidden by the Missouri Compromise. In 1838, Scott returned to Missouri with Emerson. Emerson died in Missouri in 1843, and three years later, Scott sued the surgeon's widow for his freedom. Scott based his suit on the argument that his former residence in a free state and a free territoryIllinois and Wisconsinmade him a free man. A state circuit court ruled in Scott's favor, but the Missouri Supreme Court later reversed the decision. Meanwhile, Scott had become legally regarded as the property of John F. A. Sanford of New York. Because Sanford did not live in Missouri, Scott's lawyers were able to transfer the case to a federal court. This court ruled against Sco ...

the role of sound in film essays

the role of sound in film essays This assignment is divided into two parts. The first is to the role of music, sound effects and folio in three different pieces of film. These examples can be taken from movies, television programmes or advertising. I have decided to choose the following three examples: As you will see, I have chosen each piece because of a particular role the music has played. First let me give you some background on Stanley Kubrick ¡s horror classic from 1977. Tim Dirks defines it as  ¡a beautiful, stylish work which distanced itself from the blood-letting and gore of most modern films in the horror genre ¡. The plot is this: The Overlook hotel is situated in a place that suffers immensely during the winter months, and therefore only opens for seven months each year. Because of this, when it is closed, someone must stay there to maintain it, and do things like run the boiler to heat several parts of the building and doing repairs so that  ¡the elements can ¡t get a foothold ¡. Jack Torrance, an out of work teacher trying to get back into writing novels, takes on the job and he and his family move up there for the winter. Before they go, Jack is informed at the interview that the last caretaker they had, suffered from a kind of  ¡cabin fever ¡ and murdered his entire family with an axe. But he assures his employers that that will not happen to him. Jack has already begun his decent into madness about half way through the film, and the scene I have chosen is thus: Wendy (Jack ¡s wife) is walking through the huge hallways of the hotel and comes in to the room where Jack has been doing his writing all this time. She has already been told not to read any of the manuscript that Jack (who is not there at the moment) has been working on but she comes over to the typewriter and looks down at the page to find the words  ¡All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy ¡ written over and over again, thousands of times on ream...

The Best Times to Post on Social Media in 2019 Based on Research

The Best Times to Post on Social Media in 2019 Based on Research When exactly is the best time to post on social media? This is a common question, and if youve ever attempted to plan a social media posting schedule from scratch, you know why. Its difficult to know when and how often to post across networks without trial and error. Fortunately, theres research you can follow to find some smart starting points. In this post, youll learn: What 25 studies say about the best posting times on every major network, including original data from . When you should consider posting based on your specific industry. How to determine your own best times using custom Google Analytics reports to measure social media referral traffic. Plus, youll find information around s methodology for gathering internal data, tips for taking time zones into consideration, and more. The Best Times to Post on Social Media in 2019 Based on Research via @Three Google Analytics Custom Reports + Social Media Calendar = Scheduling Success What could make all this information better? A handful of no-cost tools to help you implement it. This kit includes: Three Google Analytics custom reports used to track your best times based on social referral traffic. Theyre included in a .txt file with instructions on how to them. Social media calendar template to write and schedule all your posts in advance. Social media strategy eBook (including a foreword from Jay Baer) to help you devise a more effective overall plan. Download them now and start scheduling your way to success. Table of Contents: Best Times to Post on Instagram Best Times to Post on Facebook Best Times to Post on Twitter Best Times to Post on LinkedIn Best Times to Post on Pinterest Best Days to Post on Social Media Finding Your Own Best Times About the 25 Studies Used in This Post This post is packed with statistics and data from 25 different studies. That includes anonymized data from customers, plus 24 others from around the web. Some of these studies cross-reference one another, but each provides at least some degree of individual insight and opinions on the matter. Original Research: Later TrackMaven Buffer Hootsuite FreeCodeCamp Neil Patel (via Kissmetrics) Oberlo The Balance Raka Creative Unmetric Compiled Research: Buffer Hubspot Post Planner Falcon.io SurePayroll TruConversion The Huffington Post BizTraffic BootCamp Digital QuickSprout The Drum Search Engine Journal Maria Halthoff Impulse Creative Your "TL;DR" Best Times to Post in 2019 If you don't have time to read through the process behind how this data was gathered, that's okay. Here are some quick times for each network, laid out in a single detailed infographic, to help you get the answers you need quickly. Of course, it's also recommended to bookmark this post for future reference, and for when you do have time to sit down with it in greater depth. When is the Best Time to Post on Instagram? The popular visual social network isn’t much of a traffic driver (though it can be useful for directing targeted traffic toward specific pages using the one link you get in your bio), but it does have a highly engaged audience. Here’s when you can expect the most activity. B2C Businesses:  The best time for businesses selling consumer products here looks to be before work, over lunch, and when people are relaxing at home late at night. B2B Businesses:  The times for B2B are similar, with the most activity happening around lunch and after work. Software Businesses:  Not much change here either, though it seems like right before and right after lunch might be best. It's possible those of us working in software spend lunches looking away from screens. Healthcare Companies:  Healthcare businesses appear to do best at off-peak hours in mid-morning and early afternoon. Media Companies:  Driving traffic from Instagram is tough, but it's valuable for brand-building, even for media publishers. The best times are when people are just getting into work, taking their lunch break, or looking for an afternoon break. Higher Education:  When it comes to higher education, catching people after work appears to be most effective. It could be that people are responsive to the idea of advancing their education or making a career switch right when they're leaving work (hopefully you don't feel that way though). Instagram Network Summary Here are your best times broken down by industry (according to internal research by ): B2C: 8 am, 1 pm, and 9 pm. B2B: 12 pm-1 pm, 5 pm-6 pm, 8 pm-9pm. Software Services: 11 am, 1 pm, 5 pm. Healthcare: 10 am and 2 pm. Media: 9 am, 12 pm, and 3 pm. Higher Education: 5 pm - 6 pm Other Sources What about other sources, though? Later  says your best bet is to post between 11 am and 1 pm, and 7 pm and 9 pm. The idea is to catch people over lunch and when they’re winding down for the night. TrackMaven  narrows that down further to 7 pm on Fridays. HubSpot  suggests rolling with any time other than 3pm-4pm (when people may be deep in work), or considering 8 am on Mondays to catch people starting their work weeks. Post Planner, citing a study from Sprout, suggests avoiding 9 am to 4 pm when people are most likely at work. Falcon.io  suggests posting between 11 am and 1 pm (lunch hour for a lot of folks) or at 2 am (theoretically, this might mean catching people looking at their phones after bar close). Oberlo seconds the suggestion to post around lunchtime. TruConversion  reports that 2 am and 5 pm are the best times. That seconds the idea of posting in the early morning (late night?) hours, or right when people are leaving work. Hootsuite  says to post between noon and 1 pm, supporting the findings of several other studies. BizTraffic  deviates from other reports by saying you can post at literally any time on this network. QuickSprout opines that Fortune 500 companies post most heavily during business hours. The Drum suggests posting between 9 am and 6 pm Tuesday through Friday. When is the Best Time to Post on Facebook? Marketing on the world’s most popular social network isn’t as easy as it used to be. Organic reach has been in sharp decline for years, and it’s increasingly becoming a pay-to-play platform. But, that doesn’t mean it’s time to ignore organic efforts here. Optimizing your posting schedule is part of refining a broader strategy to get as much opportunity here as possible. B2C Businesses: Similar to Instagram, people jump on Facebook when they have breaks in their day. B2B Businesses:  And when it comes to B2B, it appears as though catching people when they need a brain break in the afternoon is effective. Software Businesses:  Again, for software companies, before work, after work, and mid-afternoon is best. It's notable that noon isn't the most effective (which could mean opportunity, or it could mean that time is just too competitive). Healthcare Companies:  Mornings work best for healthcare companies. Catching people when they're waking up is the best time here, which makes sense, since people may be looking for entertainment rather than improving their health later in the day. Media Companies:  The best times to catch people for news are when they're waking up, going to lunch, or just getting home from work. Those line up with times a lot of people catch up on news in general. Higher Education:  See a pattern emerging here? If you're sharing content for higher education, consider experimenting with the peak times shown below, and posting when there's less activity, too. Facebook Network Summary When the team crunched the data, the following times and ranges appeared to drive the most activity: B2C: 9 am to 10 am, 12 pm - 1 pm, 4 pm to 5 pm. B2B: 9 am to 4 pm, with 3 pm to 4 pm being the best. Software Services: 9 am to 5 pm, then it drops off. 9 am, 3 pm, and 5 pm are the best. Healthcare: 6 am-7 am, 9 am, 11 am-Noon. Media: 7 am, 11 am, 6 pm. Higher Education: 8 am, Noon, 3 pm. Other Sources Here’s what other sources say about general best times to post: Hootsuite  suggests posting between noon and 3 pm on weekdays. That’d catch people on lunch, or when they’re looking for an afternoon distraction. Bootcamp Digital  suggests following the times your Insights say are best, posting 1 to 4 times a week with high-quality content. TrackMaven  suggests that 8 pm on Thursdays is the best time. Hubspot  says 1 pm to 4 pm is generally best. Falcon.io’s findings are similar, saying that noon to 4 pm is where most of the action is at. When it comes to Facebook Live, a study from FreeCodeCamp  found 6 am to 7 am, Monday through Friday, provided the best results. One caveat: it’s extremely important to test this data for yourself. Fortunately, they provide an entire framework on how to do this (provided you’re ready to roll up your sleeves and get your hands dirty with coding and APIs). The Balance adds that Facebook Live videos are getting significantly better performance than other types of posts. Search Engine Journal says Facebook Live videos get 6x the engagement of traditional video content, but they need to be timed to align with when your audience is most active. QuickSprout says times vary in different industries, but most see a boost later in the week. Unmetric says the sweet spot is between 9 am and 2 pm. Maria Halthoff recommends posting at 9 am, 1 pm, and 3 pm on Thursdays, Fridays, and weekends. Impulse Creative suggests that the worst time to post is between 8 pm and 3 am. When is the Best Time to Post on Twitter? Twitter is a high-volume network and it works best when you have a steady stream of relevant content. But, can you expect more engagement and clicks at certain times of day? B2C Businesses: People use Twitter all day because it's so frequently updated, but catching people when they're waking up and winding down lines up with when most people do their heaviest web browsing. B2B Businesses:  That's (mostly) true whether you're in B2C or B2B. Software Businesses:  Promoting software services on Twitter deviates somewhat from other B2B and B2C verticals, in that it's best to catch people when they're in a work mindest and are taking a break from their tasks, or heading home. Healthcare Companies:  Mornings and evenings are your bread and butter for healthcare. Media Companies:  Media companies and bloggers are some of the heaviest publishers of Twitter content. While it's advisable to maintain a consistent stream of content throughout the day here, these are the times you can expect the most engagement. Higher Education:  Stick to mornings and evenings here. Twitter Network Summary B2C: 8 am-10 am, Noon, 7 pm-9 pm B2B: 7 am-8 am, 11 am, 6 pm, 9 pm Software Services: 10 am, 2 pm, 6 pm Healthcare: 9 am, 6 pm Media: 6 am-7 am, 11 am, 7 pm-8 pm, 10 pm Higher Education: 8 am, 5 pm, 7 pm, 9 pm Other Sources And of course, here’s what other research says: According to a Buffer  analysis of over 4 million tweets, posing between 2am and 3am gets the most clicks on Twitter. TrackMaven  pins down the best time at 5 pm on Thursday. Hubspot  suggests noon to 3 pm or 5pm as the best times. Falcon.io  says noon is the definitive best time, with 5pm as the runner-up. Bootcamp Digital  simply suggests posting 2 to 10 (or more) times per day, spread throughout the day. QuickSprout suggests avoiding weekends, and also says that CTRs are highest between noon and 6 pm. Raka Creative suggests posting at 7-8 am, noon, or 5-6 pm between Tuesday and Thursday. PostPlanner keeps it simple and suggests the best time is at 5 pm on Thursdays. When is the Best Time to Post on LinkedIn? LinkedIn is a professional network, and so naturally, the best time to reach people there is when they’re taking a break from work. Or is it? Here’s what the data shows: B2C Businesses: It appears as though to best time to catch people on Twitter may be around their lunch breaks from work (for those working a 9 to 5 schedule). B2B Businesses:  When it comes to B2B audiences though, which may be more professionally-focused than broader B2C audiences, the mantra of catching people before work, at lunch, and after their evening commute holds true. Software Businesses:  Software services are the same. If you want to reach professional audiences, you've got to reach them when they're not deep in work (and oftentimes we use software services to get work done). Healthcare Companies:  Healthcare stands out somewhat from other verticals, with mid-morning to early afternoon being most effective. Media Companies:  People often read their LinkedIn feed in the morning like they'd read a morning newspaper. So, it makes sense that publishers see the greatest amount of effectiveness early in the morning. Higher Education:  Higher education may not be huge on LinkedIn, though mid-morning seems to work best (possibly catching people taking a break from work, when they're open to career and educational development opportunities). LinkedIn Network Summary The biggest takeaway here is that people use LinkedIn for professional development. So, the best times to reach people here are when workers in the industry you're targeting are taking breaks in their workday. B2C: Noon B2B: 8 am, 10 am-Noon, 6 pm Software Services: 9 am, 11 am-Noon, 5 pm-6 pm Healthcare: 10 am, Noon-2 pm Media: 8 am Higher Education: 10 am Other Sources Here’s what some other sources have to say: SurePayroll  suggests posting between Tuesday and Thursday at no specific time. The Huffington Post  suggests those same days, but narrows down 10am to 11am on Tuesday as the best day and time. BizTraffic  advises 7am, noon, and 5pm all work well. This makes sense for targeting professional audiences on an 8 to 5 schedule. Curated findings from Post Planner  support this advice. TruConversion  suggests morning through noon, Monday through Friday. When is the Best Time to Post on Pinterest? Pinterest is vastly overlooked as a marketing platform. If strong visuals are part of your content marketing strategy, then it makes total sense to get on Pinterest (especially if your audience is active there). But, when it comes to timing, the data from customers showed little correlation between times and performance. It isn’t a platform where timing necessarily matters as much as sharing the right kind of content consistently. From curated research though, these times may serve as solid guidelines: 8–11 pm with 9 pm peak 2–4 am and 2–4 pm 1–3 pm Fridays and Saturdays may be the best times. This makes sense since people often use Pinterest to plan projects (and weekends are a good time to plan for the coming weeks). What Are the General Best Days to Post on Social Media? In addition to refining your timing, taking days into consideration is important too. This is particularly true on networks where you might not post every day. So, make the most of every piece of content you share with these guidelines. Best Days to Post on Facebook Network Tips: Avoid overly-promotional content. Hashtags underperform here. Mix up posts with and without links. Best Days to Post on Instagram Network Tips: Stick to using one filter. Avoid posting more than once per day. Consider sharing late at night and on weekends. Best Days to Post on Twitter Network Tips: Twitter is a high-volume platform. Mix original and curated content. Maintain a steady stream of tweets. Best Days to Post on LinkedIn Network Tips: Post during weekdays. Keep your tone professional. Reach commuters around 7 am and 5 pm. How Do You Know When Your Followers Are On Social Media? One of the reasons you want to know when to share on social media is because you want to get more traffic to your blog. It makes sense, then, to post your content to social media when you typically get the most traffic from your unique audience. Grab these three Google Analytics custom reports (available in your kit that complements this post)  to help you know what times and days you typically get the most traffic  and measure your progress every day. Here's how: Find Your Best Day To Post On Social Media Kick off your research with the Best Days To Post On Social Media report. When you do, you'll see a list of all of your social networks listed from the ones that give you the most traffic to the least. Simply click on any network to view the days when you typically get the most traffic. Go one step further and click on the day to learn the specific times when your followers give you the most traffic from that network. Use that information to help you choose the best days to share to specific networks based on your own audience, along with the times that work best for getting traffic on those specific days. Find Your Best Time To Post On Social Media Let's say you don't care as much about the days, and instead want to know only the times when you get the most traffic from your social networks. No problem. Look at your second Google Analytics custom report, Best Time To Post On Social Network By Hour. Find the specific hour of the day when you get the most traffic by clicking through on a specific network. The times when you get the most traffic are listed in order from most to last, with 0 being midnight and 23 as 11 p.m. Now you can schedule several messages based the times when you receive the most traffic from your social followers. Measure Your Social Media Traffic By Date And Hour When you test a new posting schedule, it's a solid practice to understand how what you did impacted your success. Use the third Google Analytics custom report to view the traffic from your social networks by a specific date and hour. This report is especially handy if you're testing new publishing times and days because it will show you the traffic you received per network for a specific calendar date and time. Start by navigating to the network you'd like you know more about. You'll see the list of specific dates that show the year, month, and day like this: YYYYMMDD. Your highest-trafficked date is on top of the list. Click through on any date to see your best time. Now you can correlate this back to your social media posting schedule when you sent messages to each specific network. What’s New in This Post? You may have seen versions of this post before. It was first published back in 2014, and it has been regularly updated since then. But, things have changed enough that it warranted a total overhaul. Some changes include: All studies pre-2016 have been removed. Anything that far out-of-date has been taken out. Newer studies have been added. Because as was suggested above, recency matters. Including a wider variety of sources also helps to provide broader insights. Google+ data is now gone. Google is no longer supporting the consumer version of the network. Original data from (anonymized) customers has been included. helps marketing teams organize projects and team members all on one platform with an easy-to-use calendar interface. Since that includes scheduling social media posts (and the tool has robust analytics built in), it only made sense to contribute original research (in addition to curating findings from other sources). In other words, this post is now better researched and more useful than ever. Methodology Performance metrics from were based on anonymized data gathered from a broad cross-section of customers, including those who manage social media marketing for multiple clients. Other reports are from reputable third-party sources. Each has been vetted for its methodology, trustworthiness, and value of its insights. There are plenty more studies and blog posts on this topic out there too, and many of those are very good too (even if they’re not included here). As always, use these sorts of findings as guidelines, rather than strict rules on the right and wrong way to handle your social schedule. If your own results contradict this (or any) study, go with what works, versus what â€Å"experts† have said. Recommended Reading: How Often to Post on Social Media: Proven Research From 14 Studies Breaking Down Times By Industry This post analyzes best times based on seven different verticals. These include: B2C companies: These are companies that sell products to consumers and the public at large. B2B companies: These are companies that sell products and services to other businesses. Software service providers: These would be companies (like ) that offer software as a service (SaaS). Healthcare: Hospitals and health insurance companies fall under this vertical (for our purposes). Media: News organizations, blogs, and magazine websites are some of the heaviest users of social media. Higher education: Colleges, universities, technical schools, and other institutions of post-secondary education are categorized here. It’s possible for a company to fit into more than one category (for a couple of examples, a software company could also be either a B2B or B2C company, or a media company might be part of the marketing division of a B2B or B2C company). However, these industries were chosen in order to give this post more industry-specific granularity while being broad enough not to get overly complicated. Other Caveats When examining data, it would be easy to think that the times companies post the most would be the best, because more posts would naturally equal more total engagement at those times. So, members of ’s product development team were mindful to weight and score times by the amount of engagement relative to the total number of posts analyzed per hour in order to avoid this issue. This helps ensure that the data shows the most effective times, to the degree that it’s possible to quantify them. Recommended Reading: The Social Media Posting Schedule That Will Boost Your Results By 192% How Do You Factor In Time Zones? Did you know that Arizona doesn’t practice daylight savings time? It’s timing nuances like these that make finding the perfect times to post even harder. Before we delve into the best times to post on social media, let's take a look at the best time zones. 50% of the U.S. population is in the Eastern Time Zone, and the Eastern and Central combined represent almost 80% of the U.S. population. theory, the Eastern or Central time zone would be the best time to base off for a United States audience to reach the most people through your social media shares. For those of you who have audiences outside the United States, demographic research like this is simple enough with Google Analytics to understand where your own audience is, giving you the opportunity to target their time zones accordingly. There are also a few tools to help you find when your own audience is online and using the social networks you're concentrating on- which helps you understand the best times to share based in your local time zone. Read on to learn more. How To Use This Data To Reach More Followers With Every Social Post As you can see, not everyone agrees as to the best timing for social posts, and when they do, it's often because they're referring to the same source. Even using data doesn’t provide a perfect answer, because it doesn’t take into account: Different industries Different audiences Different goals (e.g. clicks vs. reshares) So, putting this data to work for you in an attempt to find optimal social media posting time involves four possible outcomes: 1. Pick One And Stick To It You might decide to use one of the sources listed in this post and stick to what they found. Consistency in approach has its benefits; certainly, your audience gets used to what to expect. However, you may not see the success you could. Maybe you picked the wrong one, or are limiting yourself too much. 2. Use A General Approach Of Several You could use a broad swath of ideal posting times, mixing together the days and times of several of the data sources in the hopes of finding a fit by covering a wider range. For those of you wanting to do this, check out the summary that combined the results of the data covered. This approach might work, but you’ll have more ground to cover and more work to do in order to create and publish posts to cover larger blocks of time. 3. Find The One That Works For You By this, you might start with one set of research, stick to it, measure it, and note the results. Then adjust that with different days and times, and do the same measurement and data recording. In other words, test it out. See which one works for you. Not every industry is the same. Neil Patel even noted, for example, that the fashion industry sees better success on Pinterest with a slightly different approach. The real takeaway? Start with this data as a guideline, then tweak your own schedule based on your own findings. That’s the only way you can honestly know if you’re posting at the best times. Automate Your Posting Schedule With Best Time Scheduling Refining your social media schedule takes time and experimentation. But, if you need some automated assistance to help you set it and forget it, there’s Best Time Scheduling in .It’ll help you get more engagement, shares, and click-throughs by scheduling posts at the best times for you. Plus, it features intelligent collision-detection to ensure your posts are evenly spread out without over-posting at one time and under-posting at another. You read that right- you can reap the benefits from everything you just learned without actually having to remember it all.

Rain and Humidity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rain and Humidity - Assignment Example Answer: As the saturation vapor pressure varies directly with temperature, the relative humidity varies inversely with temperature. If no water vapor were added to or removed from unsaturated air, the relative humidity increase as the temperature drops and decreases as the temperature rises. That’s why the air temperature usually rises from a minimum during sunrise to a maximum during early to mid-afternoon on a clear calm day. Question 7. Why does the amount of precipitable water vary with the mean temperature of the troposphere? Answer: The average precipitable water decreases with latitude in response to the pole ward decline in the mean air temperature because evaporation and precipitable water are lower in cold regions. Precipitable water varies from 4.0 cm in the humid tropics to less than 0.5 cm at the Polar Regions. When troposphere in middle and high latitudes is warmest during summer, the amounts of precipitable water are highest. Question 9. Why are clouds and precipitation more likely on the windward slopes of a mountain range than the leeward slopes? Answer: Air that is forced to ascend the windward slopes expands and cools which increases its relative humidity. On sufficient cooling, saturation is achieved and clouds and precipitation develop.... Question 10. What is the significance of a rain shadow for agriculture? Answer: A rain shadow with semi-arid to arid conditions is considered to be the boundary between dry land and rain-fed agriculture. This climate contrast affects the indigenous plant and animal communities, domestic water supply, demand for irrigation water, types of crops that can be grown, and requirements for human shelter. Chapter 6, Critical Thinking Questions Question 2. How and why does the moisture content of the top soil affect the maximum air temperature in the lower troposphere? Answer: Solar radiation heats up the ground surface that transfers heat and moisture from top soil to the atmosphere. This heat and moisture transfer between earth’s surface and the atmosphere occurs by sensible heating (conduction and convection). The heated air has much more capacity to hold moisture content than cooler air. The release or absorption of latent heat affects temperature in the lower troposphere. The asce nding humid air currents also expand and cool influencing the surrounding ambient air temperature. The evaporated moisture content from top soils also adds to the green house effect by trapping more infrared radiation. Question 3. In late autumn or early winter, cold air flows on northwest winds from snow-covered ground across the ice-free waters of Lake Superior. Describe the changes in temperature, vapor pressure, and stability of the cold air as it flows over the lake. Answer: In late autumn or early winter, the ice free waters of Lake Superior are warmer compared to the cold air masses flowing from the North West. When this cold air passes over the lake, the lower levels of the atmosphere take up excessive moisture and heat. The

Insider threart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Insider threart - Essay Example Insider threat has been classified to include fraud, espionage, theft of intellectual property and IT sabotage. These normally cost an organization a heavy loss and most of them barely ever recover. There are several actions that an organization can take in order to prevent its vulnerability to internal threats. First, the organization can take the initiative to educate the employees and make them fully aware of what comprises an insider threat. Employees need to understand that they also need to work in the best interest of the organization and report any suspicious or malicious activity that may be taking place in the organization (Finan, 2013). Secondly, the management can implement strict password and management policies and practices to ensure the security of the organization by limiting employee’s access to any confidential information. In addition, the organization should have a secure recovery and backup processes in place in order to ensure they can easily handle the threat without letting it get out of hand. In conclusion, no company should imagine that they are completely safe from insider threat. It is important that they take the essential steps which are applicable to their organization in order to ensure some form of security. Most companies find it hard to recover because most insider threats are skilled professionals and the companies are rarely ever prepared for it (Finan, 2013). Finan, E. (2013). A Preliminary Examination of Insider Threat Programs in the U.S Private Sector. Intelligence and National Security Alliance. Retrieved From :

Assessment Of My Leadership Styles Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assessment Of My Leadership Styles - Coursework Example Evidently, I am a worthwhile leader who has been helping my organization to grow. Such leadership styles have been attainable mainly because of my admirable leadership qualities such as confidence, cooperation, commitment, tolerance, creativity, accountability, and honesty. These are traits which if nurtured, can make me be a great leader in future. However, for me to achieve much, I need to undertake a lot of training on communication and critical thinking skills. These can be of great importance because they can enable me to develop effective interpersonal communication skills which are necessary for creating healthier interpersonal relations with everyone around me. Besides, it would make me be a model leader whose traits should be emulated. In conclusion, I would like to agree with the assertion that leadership is innate. However, everyone should go ahead to learn good leadership strategies and nurture them. Having known exactly what I want, I have become a conscious leader who i s very concerned about the welfare and prosperity of my workers. With democratic, laissez-faire and transactional leadership styles, I have a long way too. However, I need to acquire the necessary training that can help me to have a self-awareness, identify my weaknesses and make the necessary improvements. Even before filing the inventory, I knew that I am a transactional leader. Since I assumed power, I have been keen on the performance of my juniors. Anyone who demonstrates exemplary performance has been offered contingent rewards.

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

Research - Essay Example Many clients find solace in the fact that the facility is Christian based so they trust that that the care they receive will not clash with their beliefs. However, regardless of their religious beliefs, clients receive equal quality care and respect in a safe setting. The treatment team is made up of a psychiatrist, a dietician, a nurse, psychologists and master level counsellors who cooperate in providing medication management, educational, life skills and problem solving groups, private counselling sessions, and other treatment interventions as required. Since 1987 the clinic has been providing outpatient counselling in Wheaton and has satellite facilities in Northbrook, Geneva and Chicago. The clinic works with clients of all ages, families and couples who want help for different mental health and relational problems. The staff blends Christian principles with good psychological treatment in developing and providing a treatment plan appropriate for each person, couple or family (Medicine Inc. 21). The workforce includes psychologists, doctoral interns/students, neuropsychologists, adult psychiatrists, licensed master level counsellors, child and adolescent psychiatrists, and licensed clinical social workers. The facility provides a broad spectrum of care including medication management and neuropsychological/psychological testing in addition to general counselling services. Individuals, families and couples who are struggling with life issues are highly encouraged to contact the facility because â€Å"that’s the first step to finding aid and healing required to enjoy the fullness of life once again (Medicine, Inc. 29). There is a dedicated and professional intake staff available to talk to clients on phone from Monday-Friday from 9.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m. to offer short phone assessments and establish whether outpatient counselling or another program is more

Current Health Care Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Current Health Care Situation - Essay Example This applies to all nations with America not left out of the list. The system of healthcare provision to the American people is a problem, which was replicated over past generations of the American history and requires the attention of the involved parties. The United States healthcare system is broken down and no one has the idea of how to fix it. Although the country is an economic giant and a superpower, the situation in the health sector is wanting. A fortunate portion of the American population has insurance cover mostly from their employment that covers their healthcare related costs (Liberty, 2012). However, most of the American people are not lucky enough to have healthcare coverage and as a result, they tend to suffer as they lack the essential access to the services. It is this situation that created questions such as â€Å"why do we keep using the health care system if it does not work?† â€Å"Do we need a universal health care system to act as a single payer and c over the American people in their attempts to get health care services?† These concerns facilitated the drafting of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) a United States federal statue that was signed into law on March 23, 2010 by President Barrack Obama. The act commonly referred to as Obamacare or the Affordable care Act (ACA) is the most significant overhaul of the regulations of the system of healthcare of the country since the Medicaid passing in 1965.the ACA established minimum standards in the policies of health insurance (Pipes, 2013). The guaranteed issue in the act the denial of coverage to individuals by insurers based on pre-existing conditions. This means all applicants with the same age and in the same geographical location offer the same insurance premium prices. The act mandates every individual without insurance cover that is from the employer, public or Medicaid sponsored to secure a private-insurance cover unless the individual is in financi al constraints or is a member of a religious denomination that is recognized and does believe in insurance covers. Failure to comply makes a person liable to a fine. Health insurance exchanges that will serve as an online marketplace for small businesses and individuals to compare and buy policies should commence operations in every state according to the act. The exchanges will provide subsidies on a sliding scale from the federal government for families and individuals with low-incomes ranging from 100% to 400% of poverty level created by the federal government (Liberty, 2012). The act also expanded the eligibility for Medicaid to individuals and families with incomes going up to 133% of the federal poverty level with the inclusion of a 5% income disregard. The employer mandate subjects employers who do not provide health care insurance to at least 50 employees to a tax penalty if there are provisions of subsidies in health care for full-time employees through tax deductions by th e government. The reforms in the system of Medicare payment aim at promoting efficiency in the delivery system of health care through restructuring reimbursements of Medicare to bundled payments and not fee-to-service (Pipes, 2013). It seeks to provide access to Americans to affordable health insurance of high quality while reducing the ever-growing health care bill of the American

How the Media Affects Diet, Nutrition and Exercise Essay

How the Media Affects Diet, Nutrition and Exercise - Essay Example Many multidimensional models of messy eating (e.g., Garfinkel & Garner, 1982) count mass media under the heading of "sociocultural (risk) factors" without a huge deal of concentration to mechanisms of influence. In more detailed analyses media are interpreted as instruments of propaganda in the service of patriarchy and big business (Bordo, 1993; Wolf, 1991). Whatever theoretical harmony exists seems to revolve around two points. First, mass media both support and reveal body shapes, styles of clothing, and other images that signify ("embody") intricate themes of gender, race, class, beauty, identity, desire, success, and self-control in postindustrial societies (Bordo, 1993; Gordon, 1990; Kilbourne, 1994; Nichter & Nichter, 1991; Stice, 1994). ... nd research and the many complex effects being proposed, we examine the relation between mass media and messy eating by addressing some supposedly simple questions (after Harris, 1994): 1. What rationale is there to deduce that media help provide a "context" in which the mechanism and syndromes of messy eating thrive 2. Do content analyses prop up arguments about the nature and degree of messages that might add to messy eating 3. To what amount are females between the ages of 9 and 25, the population at risk for eating disorders, exposed to those mass media containing toxic messages 4. What is the status of the proof from association and tentative studies examining the effect of mass media or media images on that population 5. Which theories within the field of mass communication, developmental psychology, and social psychology might direct theory and research toward an understanding of media effects 6. What are the particular implications of existing work on mass media for research on the etiology of eating disorders The "mass media" are openly supported institutions and forms of communication that produce messages designed for a very huge, very assorted, and fundamentally unidentified audience (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan, & Signorielli, 1994; Harris, 1994). The messages serve many purposes, including entertainment, education, government, and, certainly, engagement of huge groups of people so that advertisers can sell them products. Children, adolescents, and adults interact with a wide variety of mass media, including television, music delivered by compact discs and radio, and telecommunications available through personal computers. In fact, books and articles about eating disorders in and of themselves constitute a form of mass media that may be

Current Health Care Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Current Health Care Situation - Essay Example This applies to all nations with America not left out of the list. The system of healthcare provision to the American people is a problem, which was replicated over past generations of the American history and requires the attention of the involved parties. The United States healthcare system is broken down and no one has the idea of how to fix it. Although the country is an economic giant and a superpower, the situation in the health sector is wanting. A fortunate portion of the American population has insurance cover mostly from their employment that covers their healthcare related costs (Liberty, 2012). However, most of the American people are not lucky enough to have healthcare coverage and as a result, they tend to suffer as they lack the essential access to the services. It is this situation that created questions such as â€Å"why do we keep using the health care system if it does not work?† â€Å"Do we need a universal health care system to act as a single payer and c over the American people in their attempts to get health care services?† These concerns facilitated the drafting of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) a United States federal statue that was signed into law on March 23, 2010 by President Barrack Obama. The act commonly referred to as Obamacare or the Affordable care Act (ACA) is the most significant overhaul of the regulations of the system of healthcare of the country since the Medicaid passing in 1965.the ACA established minimum standards in the policies of health insurance (Pipes, 2013). The guaranteed issue in the act the denial of coverage to individuals by insurers based on pre-existing conditions. This means all applicants with the same age and in the same geographical location offer the same insurance premium prices. The act mandates every individual without insurance cover that is from the employer, public or Medicaid sponsored to secure a private-insurance cover unless the individual is in financi al constraints or is a member of a religious denomination that is recognized and does believe in insurance covers. Failure to comply makes a person liable to a fine. Health insurance exchanges that will serve as an online marketplace for small businesses and individuals to compare and buy policies should commence operations in every state according to the act. The exchanges will provide subsidies on a sliding scale from the federal government for families and individuals with low-incomes ranging from 100% to 400% of poverty level created by the federal government (Liberty, 2012). The act also expanded the eligibility for Medicaid to individuals and families with incomes going up to 133% of the federal poverty level with the inclusion of a 5% income disregard. The employer mandate subjects employers who do not provide health care insurance to at least 50 employees to a tax penalty if there are provisions of subsidies in health care for full-time employees through tax deductions by th e government. The reforms in the system of Medicare payment aim at promoting efficiency in the delivery system of health care through restructuring reimbursements of Medicare to bundled payments and not fee-to-service (Pipes, 2013). It seeks to provide access to Americans to affordable health insurance of high quality while reducing the ever-growing health care bill of the American

Thematic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Thematic Analysis - Essay Example The second reading was done more carefully, with an emphasis on understanding what the answers were. On the third reading, a different tact was taken by reading only the same question and answer from every transcript and noting the differences and the similarities of the participants’ answers. The interviews actually posed seven questions to the participants and needless to say, there were also seven answers corresponding to the questions. For example, the first question in every transcript for every interview is â€Å"How would you define your gender identity?† This question and the answers to them by the seven participants were the first items to be taken. To make the eventual classification of these answers easier, seven pieces of similar sized papers were used. In each piece of paper, the answer of the every participant was written. The same process was also observed for the next questions so that there were seven sets of papers corresponding to the answers of the seven questions, consisting of seven pieces of paper each for every interviewee’s answer. The papers were, of course, properly labeled and tagged as to the participant number and question number. To proceed with the process of the thematic analysis, the first question and therefore the first set of papers were studied. The answers were again read, noting particularly their similarities and differences. Answers with similarities were grouped together. For the first question, for example (i.e., How would you define your gender identity?), the answers were grouped together into three. Each group of answers for the first questions was scrutinised carefully and examined for their similarities. The next step was to give a label or tag to the similarities that underpin them. For the first set of answers, for example, the label of Sex was attributed because these answers equated their gender identity with the Sex that they were born with. The second set of answers for the first

Math and Music Essay Example for Free

Math and Music Essay Math and music are connected in many ways. Math is seen to be as very precise. Music is often seen as a way to express emotion. They are actually both very closely related together. Music is an expression of scales and notes that are strung together to make sound. Math is the subject of numbers and symbols used to write formulas and equations. At its foundation, music and math are related. In this essay, you will show that math and music are related in many ways. They are more closely related then what they are seen to be. Numbers to beats. Pitch to rhythm. Rhythm Math and music’s connection begins with something called rhythm. Music is built on rhythm. Same as how mathematics is based on numbers. Rhythm is made whenever the time range is split into different pieces by some movement or sound. There are many everyday life examples of rhythm the beating of your heart, when waves hit the shore of a beach and the systematic way the traffic light blinks is rhythm. Rhythm measures time so the measure and time signature are created to make rules for a certain piece of music. A piece of music is divided into equal measures. Each measure represents the same amount of time. Each measure gets split into equal shares, or beats. A time signature has two parts. It resembles a fraction. The top number (numerator) is how many beats in each measure. The bottom number (denominator) indicates tells you which note to count. For example, 4/4 is the most common time signature. The four at the top represents how many beats in that measure (4). The four at the bottom indicates which note to count (in this case, a whole note). Beats are in notes. These represent how long to hold the note for. For example, a quarter note equals one beat. How many beats in measure, four. (Numerator) How many beats in measure, four. (Numerator) Which note to count for, whole note. (Denominator) Which note to count for, whole note. (Denominator) Binary Number System Music is related to math with the binary number system. By following this pattern, one can see how each succeeding power (of two) gives a new note to work with (ex: sixteenth notes, thirty-second notes, sixty-fourth notes, one hundred-twenty-eight notes, and so forth). This pattern is also used for rests. A rest that is a whole rest is equal to a whole note. A half rest is equal to a half note. This pattern continues on. In 4/4 time there is one whole note in a measure, this equals 20=1. Two half notes go in a measure. The binary version of this is 21 = 2 half notes per measure. 4 quarter notes in a measure. The binary version of this is 22=4 quarter notes in a measure. 8 eighth notes go in a measure. The binary version of this is 23=8 eighth in each measure. 16 sixteenth notes fall in each measure. The binary version is 24=16 sixteenth notes in a measure. Binary Number System is shown above Adding a ‘dot’ after any note increases the value of the note by one half of the original note value. This also applies to rests. All of these rests and notes can be a combination of many arrangements to make different rhythms. The only condition it has is that there must the same exact number of beats in every single measure. A time signature of 4/4 says that every measure, no matter what notes they contain, must equal four beats. The fractional way of saying this is the sum of the fractions that every individualized note represents, must always equal one. This is because 4/4 simplified is â€Å"one.† Here are a few examples that will and will not work out. Another very common time signature is 3/4. The fractional way of saying this 3/4. The quarter note would still get one beat (due to the fact a four is at the bottom) but this time there would only be three beats in a measure. This basically means the total number of beats must be three. These are some examples that will and won’t work. Math can be used to determine where the second note of the two will fall in relation to the three-note rhythmic cycle. This concept is the least common denominator (LCM). Since the LCM of two and three is six, one would divide the measure into six equal counts to determine where each and every note would fall. The six count measure can be counted as â€Å"one and two and three and.† (In the time signature of 3/4, each and every one of these counts signifies an eighth note, because three quarter notes equal six eighth notes.) In the measure below the first rhythmic cycle has three quarter notes in each measure. Each one is taking up exactly two counts. The first note is counted as â€Å"one and,† the second note would be counted as â€Å"two and,† and finally the third note would be counted as â€Å"three and.† The second rhythmic scale has two dotted quarter notes in every measure. The first dotted quarter note is counted as â€Å"one and two.† While the second dotted quarter notes starts on the ‘and’ of two, and is counted as â€Å"three and.† Give one of these cycles to each of your hands and try to play them all at once, beating on a table or some other surface. It may even help to count aloud while doing this to make sure all the beats are falling on the right count. A much more complicated rhythm is three aainst four. The least common multiple of three and four is twelve so so the measure is divided amongst twelve equal parts. (In this case, each count signifies one sixteenth note, because three quarter notes equals twelve sixteenth notes.) This cycle can be counted as â€Å"one e and a, two e and a, three e and a, four e and a.† While trying to beat out this rhythm as well, one may find that beating out a two against three is far easier then beating out a three against four, though it is quite possible to play both. Every single thing surronding us has a rhythm. Ocean water has a rhythm. Protons and neutrons have rhythm. In every case, however, the rhythm moves the vibrations of the rhythm to the surronding material. Whether it be water, the ground, air, or something else, rhythm transfers vibrations. When rhythms distrupt the medium in a periodic way (repeating at equal times for equal amounts of time) they create something called wave motion. A wave has a high and low point just like an ocean wave has a high point and a low point. The high point in a wave is called the crest. The low point is called the trough. One wave equals one cycle. The first wave is called a transeverse wave. A transverse wave is a wave that lets the particles in the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction that the wave is traveling. Particles in medium travel this way Particles in medium travel this way Wave travelsthis way! Wave travelsthis way! Attach a rope to something in front of you then give it a little slack. Imagine jerking the rope up and down really quick. Jerk the rope Jerk the rope Wave moves along rope Wave moves along rope The movement of one’s hand sends a wave going horizontally down the rope whilst the rope itself moved up and down. Crest Trough Crest Trough Particles in mediumtravel this way Particles in mediumtravel this way Wave travelsthis way! Wave travelsthis way! Crest Trough Crest Trough When a violin string gets plucked, it works exactly like the rope. The pluck, instead of a jerk, creates the wave. The wave travels along the string horizontally, thus, the air particles around it move ever so little vertically. Particles in mediumtravel this way Particles in mediumtravel this way Wave travelsthis way! Wave travelsthis way! An example of transverese waves are sine waves. Here a few examples. 2 Another type of wave is called a longitudinal wave. In this wave, the particles vibrate parallel to the direction the wave is traveling. A longitudinal wave is sent when you knock over the first dominoe. This is because the dominoes fall in the direction of the wave. Another example of a longitudanal wave is a Slinky  ® toy. Hang a slinky from the ceiling, with a weight attached to it’s end, if you pull on the weight and then let go, the slinky goes up and down many times. The wave and the medium move parallel to each other. Sound waves are also longitudinal. The source of sound waves directs a vibration outwards in the air. At the points of compression, many air molecules crowd together and the pressure gets very high. At it’s point of refraction, the molecules are far apart and the air pressure is low. Sound waves create points of compression and refraction. An example of a transverse wave is when one plucks a violin string. The wave that it produces however is longitudinal. The wave travels through the air, hits your eardrum and lets one hear the note. A direct connection can be seen between two kinds of waves. The crest of a transverse wave has a direct relation to the point of compression in a longitudinal wave. The trough of the transverse wave corresponds to the point of rarefraction in the longitudinal wave. Amplitiude, frequency and wavelengths are charecteristics of a wave. Amplitude (A) is the distance from the top of the crest to where the wave originated from. The wavelegnth (ÃŽ ») is any point on the vibrations to the corresponding next one. It is the distance a wave travels in one cycle. The frequency (f) is the number of waves per second. Frequency is measured in Hertz. One Hertz (Hz) = one vibration/seond. The period (T) is the amount of time it takes for one whole wave or cycle to complete fully. The period and frequency are recipricols of on another. (T=1/f). The loudness is how the listener measures amplitude. The larger the amplitude the louder the loudness. The smaller the amplitude the quieter the loudness. The pitch is the listeners measuremet of frequency. It shows how high or low a sound is. The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch. The lower the frequency, the lower the pitch. The water experiment can explain pitch. The more water in the glass the lower the pitch. The less water in the glass, the higher the pitch. In a complicated tone, there is something called a partial. The root tone with the smallest frequency is called the fundamental frequency. In most musical tones, the frequencies are integer multiples. The first one would be f. The second would be 2f. The third would be 3f. This pattern continues. 1st harmonic f=100 Hz 2nd harmonic2f=200 Hz 3rd harmonic3f=300 Hz 4th harmonic4f=400 Hz 1st harmonic f=100 Hz 2nd harmonic2f=200 Hz 3rd harmonic3f=300 Hz 4th harmonic4f=400 Hz If the fundamental frequency is 100 Hz, these would be the frequencies of the first four harmonics: 1st harmonic f=220 Hz 2nd harmonic2f=440 Hz 3rd harmonic3f=660 Hz 4th harmonic4f=880 Hz 1st harmonic f=220 Hz 2nd harmonic2f=440 Hz 3rd harmonic3f=660 Hz 4th harmonic4f=880 Hz If the fundamental frequency is 220 Hz, these would be the frequencies: Handel (1685-1759) used a tuning fork for A with a frequency of 422.5 Hz. By the 1800’s the highest frequency was 461 Hz in America and 455 Hz in Great Britain. Since stringed instruments sound better when tuned higher, the frequency probably would have kept rising. However is 1953 the standard of 440 Hz was agreed tooo. Still, some people use a frequency of 442 or 444Hz. The Piano 5 black keys 7 white keys 5 black keys 7 white keys On the piano keyboard, there are 88 keys. It has a pattern that repeats every 12 keys. The pattern contains 7 white keys and 5 black keys. The white keys are given a letter name A through G. The black keys also get letter names, just with either a flat or sharp symbol after it. For example, the black key between C and D is has two names, C# or Dâ™ ­. The distance between two anearby keys on the piano is called a half step (for example, between C and C# or E and F). Two half steps make a whole step (for example between C and D or E and F#). A sharp raises it a half step meanwhile the flat lowers it half a step. Geometry Math is related to music by geometry. Geometric transformations are like musical transformations. A geometric transformation relocates the figure while keeping the size and shape. The original piece or geometric figure is not changed. The simplest geometric transformation is when the figure slides in a certain direction. The results are the same size, shape and angle measurement. This is called a translation in geometry First place the music notes on the vertices of this triangle. Then move the notes are to the staff. The musical version of the geometric translation appears. Geometric Translation – Repetition The most simple of translation are in â€Å"When the Saints Go Marching In.† The repetitiveness is the theme of this song. The notes are played the same, just in different measures of the music. This means that different measure have the same notes. Another example is in Row, Row, Row your Boat. Geometric translations do not only have to be horizontal. They can be raised or lowered. It can be raised or lowered vertically which means the pitch can be higher or lower. Transposition is a more sophisticated application of translation to music. It involves the movement of an exact sequence of notes to an Geometric Translation – Transposition Transposition is another application of translation in music. It involves the movement of an exact sequence of notes to another place on the scale. The notes are in another key. This is shown in the song â€Å"Yankee Doodle.† Another example of this can be found in â€Å"O Christmas Tree.† Geometric Transposition Reflection When the geometric figure is reflected across a line, the result is a mirror image of the original figure. The size, shape, angle and measurement remain unchanged. Another name for reflection is a â€Å"flip.† There are two types of reflections, one over the x-axis and one over the y-axis. The musical version of this is called retrogression, is shown below. An easy-to-see reflection is in the song â€Å"Raindrops Keep Falling on my Head.† An additional example is shown in the Shaker tune â€Å"Simple Gifts† A geometric reflection across the x-axis is the same except for the fact that the line of reflection is horizontal instead of than vertical. In music, it is called inversion and can take several different forms. One is in harmony: The other form of inversion is in melody and can be shown in Greensleeves. Transposition – Glide Reflection This is the third form of geometric transformation, which is called glide reflection. It is a translation followed by a reflection or a slide and then a flip. You can see inversion in Guantanamera, a popular Spanish song. Rotation A rotation occurs when a geometric figure is rotated 180 degrees around a point. The figure is moved to another location. It is also called a turn. This can also be done by reflecting over both axes, in any order. The Circle of Fifths and The Chromatic Circle The circle of fifths can be plotted from the chromatic scale by using multiplication. The chromatic scale is based on 12 notes which cannot be repeated until all notes are played. Multiply the numbers by 7. The reason we are multiplying by 7 is that there are 7 whole tones. Number the 12 notes of the chromatioc scale from: (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) Showing all of the notes on the chromatic scale: 0=C, 2=D, 4=E, 5=F, 7=G, 9=A, 11=B, 1=C#, 3=D, 6=F#, 8=G#, 10=A# Now multiple the whole row by 7 (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77) Then subtract 12 from every number until the final number becomes less then 12: (0, 7, 2, 9, 4, 11, 6, 1, 8, 3, 10, 5) And this is equal too: (C, G, D, A, E, B, Fâ™ ¯, Câ™ ¯, Gâ™ ¯, Dâ™ ¯, Aâ™ ¯, F) Which is the circle of fifths (this is enharmonically related too): (C, G, D, A, E, B, Gâ™ ­, Dâ™ ­, Aâ™ ­, Eâ™ ­, Bâ™ ­, F). This is the chromatic circle with the circle of fifths inside. (Star dodecagarm) This is the chromatic circle with the circle of fifths inside. (Star dodecagarm) Fibonacci Sequence Mozart is thought to be one of the greatest musicians and composers in the world. He used Fibonacci Sequence in some of his piano concertos (a concerto is a musical composition normally composed in three parts or movements.) Fibonacci sequence is the sequence of numbers, in which the sum of the two previous numbers equals that number ex: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13†¦). In the margins of some of his music, he wrote down equations. For example, in Sonata No. 1 in C Major, there are 100 measures in the first movement (A movement is a self-contained part of a composition.) The first section, of the movement, along with the theme, has 32 measures. The last section of the movement has 68 measures. This is perfect division, using natural numbers. This formatting can be seen in the second movement, in turn. Although there is no actual evidence concerning this matter, the perfect divisions of this piece of musis is quite easy to see. Fibonacci sequence goes on infinetly. The first number is 1. Every following number is the sum of the previous two. Adding 1 to nothing would give you 1. The third number would then be 2, the sum of 1 and 1. The fourth number would be 3 (to get this you would add 2+1) and the fifth number would be 5 (to get this you would add 3+2). These are some examples of Fibonn aci numbers: Fibonacci Sequence is everywhere. For example, the Fibonacci sequence gets shown on the piano because of the way the keys are setup. An octave is made up of thirteen keys. Eight of the keys are white and five are black. The black keys are split into groups of two and three. Each scale has eight notes. The scale is based off of the third and fifth tones. Both pitches are whole tones which are two steps away from the first note in the scale (also known as the root). There is also something called the Fibonacci Ratio. A Fibonacci ratio is any Fibonacci number divided by one adjacent in the series. For example, 2/3 is a Fibonacci ratio. So are 5/8 and 8/13. This pattern continues on. The farther along the ratios are placed, the more they have in common. They also become more and more exactly equal to 0.618. The porportion that these ratios show is thought to be, by many, to look appealing to the eye. It is called it the golden porportion. A Hungarian composer named Bà ©la Bartà ³k often used this technique while creating his compositions. The chart below is based on the Fibonacci ratios. The root tone A has a frequency of 440 Hertz. To find high A you multiply the Fibonacci ratio of 2/1 by 440 Hertz to get 880 Hertz. To get the frequency of note C, multiply 3/5 by 440 to get 264 Hertz. Harmonics are based off of Fibonacci ratios. Bibliography http://www.goldennumber.net/music/ http://www.sciencefairadventure.com/ProjectDetail.aspx?ProjectID=150 Math and Music: Harmonious Connections by: Trudi Hammel Garland and Charity Vaughn Kahn