COP 3530, Discrete Data Structures and Algorithms, Summer 1999, Homework 7 :: UFL Florida Computer Programming Homework

Class Notes Data Structures and AlgorithmsSummer-C Semester 1999 - M WRF 2nd Period CSE/E119, Section 7344Homework 7 -- Due Wed 21 July 1999 09.30am (Revised Date)In class, we discussed minimum spanning trees (MSTs) and the algorithms that derive MSTs from a represent specification. Using your class notes as a guide, answer the side by side(p) questions.Note The graph specifications from Homework 5 pick out been used with slight modifications, to make the data structures more familiar for you.Comments in response to student questions are in red typeface. * Question 1. Write pseudocode (not umber code) for Prims algorithm that we discussed in class. Beside each(prenominal) step, write the number of external I/O, memory I/O, incrementation, comparison, and other types of operations employed. Note in the above rendering that Prims algorithm (for MST) is to be used, not Dijkstras (for Shortest Path). The use of Dijkstras was a typo...my apologies... Then, construct a work figure for each type of operation, together with a Big-Oh estimate of complexity for each of the following graph representations (a) adjacency matrix, (b) edge list, and (c) adjacency list. * Question 2. Repeat Question 1 for Kruskals algorithm that we discussed in class. * Question 3. Given the following graph specification (assume directed edges only) for G = (V,E), write out the order of edges with which Prims algorithm constructs the MST, scrawling at vertex a. (The third value (integer) in each edge triple is its weight.) (1 point each) (a) V = a,b,c,d,e,f, E = (a,b,1), (b,c,3), (a,c,2), (c,d,4), (c,e,5), (e,f,2),(b,f,3). (b) V = a,b,c,d,e,f, E = (d,a,2), (b,c,4), (a,b,2), (e,b,3), (c,e,1), (b,d,1). (c) Analyze the complexity of each case ((a) and (b), above) by constructing a work budget similar to Question 1, but for the adjacency list representation only, followed by a Big-Oh estimate. (2 points total) * Question 4. Repeat Questio n 3 with b as the start vertex. * Question 5. Repeat Question 3 for Kruskals instead of Prims, without regard to the start vertex. * Question 6. Repeat Question 3 for Kruskals instead of Prims, using the following graph specifications, without regard to the start vertex

somthign new :: essays research papers

Barn tan Sartys Transformation Into Adulthood In William Faulkners story, "Barn Burning", we find a young man who struggles with the relationship he has with his 37. Beowulf Unferth, The Same Martyr Beowulf Unferth, the Same Martyr John Gardner introduces the reader of Grendel to an intimate side of Unferth undetected in the epic poem Beowulf. In Grendel we behold what a 38. Art Art From stick figures in the sand and the earliest animals painted and carved in stone, people worldwide have reacted to the world by Russian Reform and Economics The Last Quarter of the 20th Century Outline Thesis As the reformation of the USSR was becoming a reality, Russias economy was crumbling bene 21. Descartes Vs. Pascal Descartes vs. Pascal For centuries, human beings have been debating over the validity of the use of reason. This is a very, very difficult give in to discuss, as one is fo 22. Heart Of Darkness Mystery And Suspense Heart of Darkness Mystery and Suspense It seems like every where there is something in life that seems to be left behind. In the books I read about mystery or suspense, th 23. A Liberal Arts Education A Liberal Arts Education A liberal arts education provides students with a broad spectrum of information enabling them to expand knowledge and to advance society in a posi 24. A Discussion On Earthquakes A Discussion On Earthquakes Perhaps Mother Nature offers no greater force than that of the earthquake. across the span of time, earthquakes have been recorded for their 25. Preserving Our Earth Preserving Our Earth Americas endangered areas are deplinishing daily. Natural disasters are a major factor in their disappearance, but the virtually prominent factor is manki 26. Hemp The Truth About The Earths Greatest Plant Hemp The Truth About the Earths Greatest Plant In a complete world there would be a product that could serve as a fuel source, a food source, a paper source, a fabric so 27. Wal-mart Is Taking Over Wal-Mart is taking Over Is Wal-Mart good for communities, or is Wal-Mart a wolf in sheeps clothing? With a gross annual gross sales of over $67 billion and more than 2,000 stor 28. 1984 The Party Has Many Slogans 1984 The Party Has Many Slogans In George Orwells 1984, the Party, the government of Oceania, has many slogans. One of the sayings is Big Brother Is reflection You.

Jane Eyre Essay: Refusal to Sacrifice Moral Principles -- Jane Eyre Es

Refusal to Sacrifice Moral Principles in Jane Eyre The need to love and to be loved is a general characteristic basic to clement nature. However, the clean-living principles and beliefs that govern this need are decided by the individual. In the novel Jane Eyre , author, Charlotte Bront, vividly describes the various characters personalities and beliefs. When the reader first meets the main character, Jane Eyre, an orphan of ten, she is victuals at Gateshead Hall in England with her Aunt vibrating reed and three cousins, all of whom she greatly despises. Soon after, Jane is sent away to the Lowood Institution, a girls school, where she lives for the next eight years. Jane whence moves to Thornfield Hall to work as a governess for Mr. Rochester they fall in love and plan to be married. However, during the wedding ceremony, it is revealed that Mr. Rochester already has a wife. Humiliated, Jane leaves Thornfield and travels to Moor House. While there, Jane hears Mr. Rochesters vo calize calling her name one evening she immediately returns to Thornfield only to find a charred and desolate house burned by Mr. Rochesters lunatic wife. During the tragedy, Mr. Rochesters wife dies and he looses a hand as well as the sight in both eyes. However, because his wife is deceased, Jane and Mr. Rochester are free to marry and do so. Even though Janes existence is anchored in the need to love and to be loved, she is an intense character and refuses to sacrifice her moral principles and beliefs regardless of the situation. Janes intense character is first observed when Mrs. Reed warns the director of the Lowood school, to guard against her Janes worst fault, a tendency to deceit (41). Later, Jane tells Mrs. Reed she is not a deceitful child an... ...ohn she loves, but Mr. Rochester. This perspective also demonstrates Janes unwillingness to bring up to an unethical situation against her beliefs. Throughout the novel, Jane Eyre, it is revealed that Jane is a character wh ose existence is anchored in the need to love and to be loved. However, she is an intensely passionate character who refuses to sacrifice her moral principles and beliefs. While the desire to love and to be loved is a general characteristic of human nature, how this need is obtained is dependent upon the individuals moral principles and beliefs. Works Cited and Consulted Bront, Charlotte. The Worlds Great Classics Jane Eyre . revolutionary York Grolier Incorporated. Gates, Barbara Timm, ed. Critical Essays on Charlotte Bronte. Boston G. K. Hall, 1990. Pickrel, Paul. Jane Eyre The Apocalypse of the Body. ELH 53 (1986) 165-82.

Who comes first, the plants or the people? :: Essays Papers

Who comes prototypical, the plants or the people?What does come first? Should people be asked to give up something or be denied something? Or should people be allowed to develop where they please? Often when people take on an endeavor their first thoughts argon about how they can benefit right now, especially in terms of money, and they are not focused on the long-term effects of what they are doing. Although this is not the case in every situation, the incidences in which it is can have a negative impact on the environment, in particular, damage the wetlands.According the U.S environmental Protection Agency (EPA) there was estimated to be over 220 million acres of wetlands in the lower 48 states during the 1600s and in 1997 there were only 105.5 million acres of wetlands remaining (2003). From 1986 to 1997 58,500 acres of wetland were lost each year (EPA 2003). The study during 1986 to 1997 also showed the causes of wetland losses in the United States were due to urban deve lopment (30%), agriculture (26%), silviculture (23%), and homespun development (21%) (US Fish & Wildlife 2003). Wetlands are found throughout the United States and there are many different types of wetlands and these environmental structures provide a number of invaluable functions in the communities in which they reside. There are some protection measures present for these wonderments and measures to help the communities protect them. However, there are still those that question the value of them. The many valuable functions of the varying types of wetlands throughout the United States is one group of plants that should be preserved and come before people.What are wetlands?In the United States there is a wide variety of wetlands due to the varying climates, land structure, species occupying the terrain, and other factors, such as human disturbance. The EPA defines wetlands as an area of land that is saturated with water, on or near the surface, and the water amount determi nes the plants and animals that are found in that community (2003). The Clean Water Act also provides a definition of wetlands as those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions (EPA 2003). From these definitions wetlands can be grouped into four basic types marshes, swamps, bogs, and fens.

A Psychoanalytic Analysis of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell Essa

A satisfactory regarding of a literary work necessitates a multi-level investigationof the meters context, of the text itself, of the metrical compositions socio-political implications, of the poems trans-cultural implications, and of the Christian implications. To see a great work of fiction or a great poem primarily as a psychological case study,it means that we have to miss its real significance,its real meaning.Literary interpretation and psychoanalysis are two various field,though they are closely associated,they can in no palpate be regarded as parts of one discipline.The literary cristic who views the masterpiece only through the electron lense of Freud, sees art only through a glass darkly,on the other hand,the reader who rejects psychoanalysis deprives himself of valuable tool in realizeing not only literature,but adult male nature and himself as well. One of the most celebrated carpe diem poems in British literature,it ha s been praised by numerous literary scholars and critics fot its brilliantly wrought form,thematic significance,metaphysical conceits,paradox and irony.Unfortunately,not many of the readers thoroughly understand this poem.They will notice that its male speaker,an erudite man,tries to persuade a reluctant mistress to accept his proposal of physical love,those who are unfamiliar with the conventions of seventeenth snow metpshysical poetry may feel that the poem is merely weird,strange or sexiest.They recognize that there is something questionable about the male suitors use of flowerly language in the first stanza.They also do not like the bizarre images in the second stanza That long-preserved virginity/And your quaint horror turn to patter/And into ashes all my lo... ... begins his proposition of love by stating an impossible conditionHad we but world enough,and time/,This coyness,Lady,were no crime. His objective,despite the contradictory deceptiveness of vegetable love,is exce pt the samethe woman must capitulate to his desires.It is only matter of time.From the eternal burning of vegetable passion,in the face of reality,we see that the love must end,the same as sexual profligacy,in remains.In the final stanza the speaker relaxes his harsh irony,here,too,the sexual image is evident.The fire image,which smolders in stanza one and turns to ashes in stanza two,explodes into passion in this concluding stanza.The poet conveys a smack of desperate ecstasy. Marvells great poem is not only a glorification of sexual activity,it deals with the total homophile psyche,many facets of which are both unpleasant and unconscious. A Psychoanalytic Analysis of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell Essa A satisfactory understanding of a literary work necessitates a multi-level investigationof the poems context, of the text itself, of the poems socio-political implications, of the poems trans-cultural implications, and of the Christian implications. To see a great work of fiction or a great poem primarily as a psychological case study,it means that we have to miss its real significance,its real meaning.Literary interpretation and psychoanalysis are two various field,though they are closely associated,they can in no sense be regarded as parts of one discipline.The literary cristic who views the masterpiece only through the lens of Freud, sees art only through a glass darkly,on the other hand,the reader who rejects psychoanalysis deprives himself of valuable tool in understanding not only literature,but human nature and himself as well. One of the most celebrated carpe diem poems in British literature,it has been praised by numerous literary scholars and critics fot its brilliantly wrought form,thematic significance,metaphysical conceits,paradox and irony.Unfortunately,not many of the readers thoroughly understand this poem.They will notice that its male speaker,an erudite man,tries to persuade a reluctant mistress to accept his proposal of physical love,those who are unfamiliar with the conventions of seventeenth carbon metpshysical poetry may feel that the poem is merely weird,strange or sexiest.They recognize that there is something questionable about the male suitors use of flowerly language in the first stanza.They also do not like the bizarre images in the second stanza That long-preserved virginity/And your quaint horror turn to dust/And into ashes all my lo... ... begins his proposition of love by stating an impossible conditionHad we but world enough,and time/,This coyness,Lady,were no crime. His objective,despite the contradictory deceptiveness of vegetable love,is notwithstanding the samethe woman must capitulate to his desires.It is only matter of time.From the eternal burning of vegetable passion,in the face of reality,we see that the love must end,the same as sexual profligacy,in dust.In the final stanza the speaker relaxes his harsh irony,her e,too,the sexual image is evident.The fire image,which smolders in stanza one and turns to ashes in stanza two,explodes into passion in this concluding stanza.The poet conveys a sense of desperate ecstasy. Marvells great poem is not only a glorification of sexual activity,it deals with the total human psyche,many facets of which are both unpleasant and unconscious.

A Psychoanalytic Analysis of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell Essa

A satisfactory understanding of a literary work necessitates a multi-level investigationof the poems context, of the text itself, of the poems socio-political implications, of the poems trans-cultural implications, and of the Christian implications. To see a great work of fiction or a great poem primarily as a psychological case study,it means that we have to miss its real significance,its real meaning.Literary interpretation and psychoanalysis are two different field,though they are well-nigh associated,they can in no sense be regarded as parts of one discipline.The literary cristic who views the masterpiece tho through the lens of Freud, sees art except through a glass darkly,on the other hand,the reader who rejects psychoanalysis deprives himself of valuable tool in understanding not only literature,but human nature and himself as well. One of the most celebrated carpe diem poems in British literature,it has been praised by numerous literary scholars and critics fot its brilliantly wrought form,thematic significance,metaphysical conceits,paradox and irony.Unfortunately,not many of the readers thoroughly understand this poem.They will bump that its male speaker,an erudite man,tries to persuade a reluctant mistress to accept his proposal of physical love,those who are unfamiliar with the conventions of seventeenth century metpshysical poetry may feel that the poem is merely weird,strange or sexiest.They recognize that there is something questionable about the male suitors use of flowerly wrangle in the first stanza.They also do not like the bizarre images in the second stanza That long-preserved virginity/And your quaint horror turn to dust/And into ashes all my lo... ... begins his mesmerism of love by stating an impossible conditionHad we but world enough,and time/,This coyness,Lady,were no crime. His objective,despite the contradictory deceptiveness of vegetable love,is nevertheless the samethe charr must capitulate to his desires.It is only matter of time.From the eternal burning of vegetable passion,in the face of reality,we see that the love must end,the same as sexual profligacy,in dust.In the concluding stanza the speaker relaxes his harsh irony,here,too,the sexual image is evident.The fire image,which smolders in stanza one and turns to ashes in stanza two,explodes into passion in this concluding stanza.The poet conveys a sense of desperate ecstasy. Marvells great poem is not only a glorification of sexual activity,it deals with the total human psyche,many facets of which are both unpleasant and unconscious. A Psychoanalytic compendium of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell Essa A satisfactory understanding of a literary work necessitates a multi-level investigationof the poems context, of the text itself, of the poems socio-political implications, of the poems trans-cultural implications, and of the Christian implication s. To see a great work of fiction or a great poem primarily as a psychological case study,it means that we have to miss its real significance,its real meaning.Literary interpretation and psychoanalysis are two different field,though they are well-nigh associated,they can in no sense be regarded as parts of one discipline.The literary cristic who views the masterpiece only through the lens of Freud, sees art only through a glass darkly,on the other hand,the reader who rejects psychoanalysis deprives himself of valuable tool in understanding not only literature,but human nature and himself as well. One of the most celebrated carpe diem poems in British literature,it has been praised by numerous literary scholars and critics fot its brilliantly wrought form,thematic significance,metaphysical conceits,paradox and irony.Unfortunately,not many of the readers thoroughly understand this poem.They will cross off that its male speaker,an erudite man,tries to persuade a reluctant mistress to accept his proposal of physical love,those who are unfamiliar with the conventions of seventeenth century metpshysical poetry may feel that the poem is merely weird,strange or sexiest.They recognize that there is something questionable about the male suitors use of flowerly language in the first stanza.They also do not like the bizarre images in the second stanza That long-preserved virginity/And your quaint horror turn to dust/And into ashes all my lo... ... begins his propose of love by stating an impossible conditionHad we but world enough,and time/,This coyness,Lady,were no crime. His objective,despite the contradictory deceptiveness of vegetable love,is nevertheless the samethe adult female must capitulate to his desires.It is only matter of time.From the eternal burning of vegetable passion,in the face of reality,we see that the love must end,the same as sexual profligacy,in dust.In the last stanza the speaker relaxes his harsh irony,here,too,the sex ual image is evident.The fire image,which smolders in stanza one and turns to ashes in stanza two,explodes into passion in this concluding stanza.The poet conveys a sense of desperate ecstasy. Marvells great poem is not only a glorification of sexual activity,it deals with the total human psyche,many facets of which are both unpleasant and unconscious.

The emphasis (of MBO)

The emphasis (of MBO) is on trying to predict and influence the futurity rather than on responding and reacting by the seat of the pants. It is also a results-oriented philosophy of vigilance, one of which emphasizes accomplishments and results. The focus is generally on change and on improving both individual and organizational effectiveness.A successful implementation of MBO in any area requires a narrow examination of such elements as customs and traditions of that country, which practice support to the application of MBO.These elemets are higly influenced by the history.Starting from the early centuries, Russian hoi polloi got accustomed to have it away under the central rule when the tsar was the plainly decision-making body in the country. The communication between the rulers and ruled was flowing only one-way. The landlords, owning the farmers, set quotes to farmers without thinking whether they would be able to achieve them.Afterwards, when the bolshewiks came to rule instead of the monarchy, the homogeneous thing happened. Working for a state enterprise, the employees didnt have a chance to set objectives for their work they performed. The central planning department set quotes, by which all the organizations had to obey even if those planks were set too high to reach. Workers were responsible for reaching organizational goals no matter for at what costs, but on the different side the means by which they had to reach the organizational goals were predetermined by the central planning department.So, we gutter see that the word central, which disables MBO, was quite frequent and used heavily thrughout the whole history of Russia. Nevertheless, I would say, there were some elements of MBO such as rewarding the employees when they exceeded the quotes set by the central department. Reward was rattling seldom material. Usually, you would have received a red flag for an excellent work, and your photo would have been printed in the organizations n ewspaper. In addition to the rewards, batch were working for a common purpose to reach the communism. And each piece they had produced kick downd to this goal. Anyway, this system of rewards worked it was a good source of motivation although it was resting solely in the willigness of the employees to contribute to the process.Factors that influence management in RussiaAfter we had examined the historical brokers that influence the application of MBO, lets stick to down to determine factors that influence overall management in Russia now. As a result, it gives also some impact on the ability of MBO to be successful in this country.The first and also the most authorized factor is the social one. Managing an organization became a real challenge for managers during these hard times. Their decisions are highly influenced by the social environment surrounding the organization. such(prenominal) a factor as, for instance, value goes hand in hand with the organizations purpose (profit) in Western societies, but Russian peoples values are different.Russians, as they got accustomed that the only aim of the organization is to contribute to the public welfare, cant and do not want to understand that the conversion to capitalism and, particulary, to a free market economy will delete all the organizations that dont bring profit that is at least luxuriant to cover the expenses. That is why, for instance, formerly free hospitals are forced to charge fees. No matter whether it is for-profit or non-for-profit organization. It happened so that every organization should make money to live on.As Russia has been passing its stage of transition to a free market economy for only 7 years, there is a lack of specialized managers. Formerly, the silk hat profession was considered to be a physician, but starting from 1991, people realized that the economy needed skilled managers (and employees), lawyers, etc. So, at the time being, there are only a few organizations that are led by professional managers and the rest by, for instance, doctors and teachers as a result, Russia has a high rate of firms failures.The overall atmosphere of distrust has created such a situation where it is difficult to deal with any firm. You are afraid of being cheated as a result, people are more plausibly to go for help to a state-owned organization than to a private one.Political instability in Russia explains why organizations in this country are so highly centralized. Due to need of the availability to adapt to the continuously changing situation, which requires application of conceptual skills, managers are forced to have a total control over their child, no matter how big the organization is.Lack of important laws creates another challenge for the Russian managers however, for some of them it is an advantage, for instance, for Mafia.Such an important function of management as planning, which is important for MBO in order to be successful, cant be realized fully because of e ver changing situation. The manager cant predict the future and plan for the organization because of the uncertainty virtually the future. That is why in Russia, also called the country of wonders, it is more likely to fail in business than in other countries.Another challenge for a manager is to run an organization under economic instability. The heavy dependence on the foreign investments from the USA, World Bank, IMF etc. contributes to factor of uncertainty no investments economic recession.In addition to that, the main financial resources are concentrated at heart a small group of people, called semibojarshina, owning the largest firms in Russia. And these become more and more involved in the political process. They extract resources, pass laws only if they are discriminatory for their companies. The rest can only watch this game.Focusing on the USA has led to copying the Western way of life, trying to produce goods and go like Americans without actually having knowledge o r background in it.All these factors put pressure on the managers and influence the relationship between managers and employees, which is a prediciding factor for applying the MBO approach to a particular organization.Relationship between the employer and the employeeMBO offers people a field within which to penetrate. Workers have a relative freedom of choice in deciding which means to choose for reaching a stated goal. They are motivated by means of reward given to individuals on the basis of how close they come to reaching their goals. Under MBO people should be self-directed and should like their work, and, of course, any MBO program is based on responsibility and proposes democratic leadership.Throughout the previous divide we can see that MBO works best under speculation Y. In order to know whether individuals way of thinking about workers enables MBO to come through in this country, Ive taken twenty Russian people (all work for Russian organizations) and tried to get out their assumptions about workers. The result was as follows.From the results we can see that most participants stuck to the Theory X, the theory that incorporates people who do not like work, must be forced to do the job, are motivated through the threat of punishment, see their personal gain in job security, and deslike responsibility. Under such conditions, an autocratic leadership is necessary.And only 4 people prefer the Theory Y. The theory that incorporates that people do not dislike work, work through self-direction, are motivated through recognition & reward, see their personal gain in fulfillment, and accept responsibility. Under such conditions a democratic leadership is possible.We see that the Theory Y, which enables MBO, got only 20%. From this research, Ive proved my assumptions that the way of thinking about workers does not allow any MBO program to be implemented successfully.An impact on MBO has also the system of needations, so it is important to know what differen t counterparts (employer and employee) expect from each other.To know what a Russian employer expects from a Russian employee Ive asked 5 Russian people that are running companies to fill out a questionnaire. The result was the following.The second answer crosses out to ability of MBO to be successful. It does not allow an employee to be creative, to be able to set objectives together with the superior So we can see that the employer is not mentally ready to apply the MBO approach at the time being.To know what a Russian employee expects from a Russian employer Ive asked 15 Russian people that are working for Russian organizations to fill out a questionnaire. The result was the following.Nobody has mentioned any of the MBOs characteristics (ability to set objectives,). That gives us much food for thoughts. If employees primary goals, while working for an organization, do not match the MBOs gains (advantages), then MBO wont be advantageous for the employees. As a result, the question arises Why should employees be for the application of MBO at their organization?

The Audacity of Hope Intro

President Obama once said, We are one people in his speech The Audacity of Hope. Our acres show so much hate and anger but never take the blame. Everyone blames god, but if we are all gods people why do we commit the finger at him? Obamas syntax, diction, and details show that it is time for us to stop the madness and hatred that we have for one another and stand up for each other because we are a family. Obamas syntax is significant because it get his message across clearly and effectively. For instance, Obama states that The true blaze of America-a faith in simple dream, is an instance on small miracles.By separating his thoughts he emphasizes to the public by giving his own commentary on the true genius of America. The true genius of America is knowing that the smallest things in life do matter. Obama also said Out of many, one. With this fragment Obama shows that we are in depth. And we are all people although there are many different kinds and colors. Americas people are l ike many flowers in a garden, together we are a masterpiece. He uses simple words to describe his feelings about America.Obama backs up this notion by saying We worship an awesome God in the blue states, and we dont like federal official agents poking around our libraries in the red states. We coach Little League in the blue states, and yes, weve got some gay friends in the red states. There are patriots who opposed the war, and patriots who supported it. We are one people, all of us pledging allegiance to the Stars and stripe, all of us defending the United States of America. He effectively uses the Stars and Stripes as a metaphor for our American flag. In this case red states stand for Republicans and blue states for Democrats.

Compare contrast essay Essay

Novelist Paul Sheldon has plans to make the difficult transition from writing historical romances featuring heroine Misery Chastain to publishing literary fiction. Annie Wilkes, Sheldons number one fan, rescues the origin from the scene of a gondola accident. The former nurse takes cargon of him in her remote house, but becomes irate when she discovers that the author has killed Misery off in his latest book. Annie keeps Sheldon prisoner while forcing him to write a book that brings Misery back to life.Compare & Contrast EssayA Rose for Emily by William Faulkner & Misery by Stephen KingIve chosen to compare & contrast A Rose for Emily By William Faulkner with Misery By Stephen King, psychoneurotic women, broken ankles, trapped men & Suspenseful remainders both of these stories have a lot in common.In Stephen Kings Misery A famous Novelist named Paul Sheldon is transitioning his writing from Romance to Fiction. While on his way to Colorado from his winter hide away he is in a hor rific car accident brought on by the harsh weather conditions. Thankfully the writers number one fan and former nurse Annie Wilkes lived nearby and salvage Paul from freezing todeath. Annie Wilkes just like Miss Emily Grierson lived isolated and away from the world, though Miss Emily lived in the town & Annie Wilkes didnt Miss Emily Isolated herself socially by not leaving her home nor opening the door when people of the town came by. Annie However, actually lived in an isolated cabin in the mountains.In A Rose for Emily people of the town feel sorry for her because after losing her father (page 207 she was sick for a long time), But not long after they began comprehend her with a gentle man named mark Barran. A construction worker who had come into town to pave the sidewalks. After a year of being with Homer the towns folk began saying they would marry even though Homer claimed to like men (page 209, He was not a marrying man). One evening afterending their relationship Homer we nt to see Miss Emily using rat poison she killed him and let everyone believe he left and went on with his life while she hid his remains.Annie Wilkes didnt kill Paul Sheldon, but took advantage of the fact that he had been put in critical condition due to the car accident she removed him from. For weeks she held him absorbed until he gave her favorite novel the proper ending it deserved. After noticing his several, sneaky attempts to escape Annie straps Paul to the bed and cripples him by breaking both his ankles with a sledgehammer hammer. Both of these women felt the need to keep these men hidden, trapped, and injured so they may remain with them forever. Miss Emily trapped Homer in death to stay with her since he had no interest in marrying her. In Misery Prior to having his ankles broken Paul finds newspaper clippings of previous victims of Annie where she was never convicted, He then realizes he may be next on her list. Soon after crippling Paul an officer drops by to see i f Annie was aware that Novelist Paul Sheldon was missing and they were seek for him.Paul hears the officer and yells for help when Annie hears his screams she kills the officer and Paul is left once more to endure her gruesome punishment. Neither one of the men could predict what was exhalation to happen to them, but Homer didnt endure being tortured nor was he held captive for weeks. In A Rose for Emily Miss Emily was never caught nor venture for thedisappearance of Homer.After the death of Miss Emily and after her services the town folk were curious to seethe inside of her home. (page 211, there was one room that no one had seen in forty years, and which would have to be forced). After entering the room they noticed mens toiletries, suits, ties and a pair of shoes even more so they noticed the man in her bed, His well over rotten body rig there in a nightshirt and next to him they could see where Miss Emily would lay beside him every night after his death. Unlike Miss Emily An nie didnt get away with what she did to Paul, after killing the officer Paul tricks her into buying Champagne and cigars to keep the return of Misery, while setting up for their night of celebration Paul lights the re-written novel on fire and throws it.Annie begins to put out the flame when Paul slams his typewriter on the top of her head and shoves pieces of the burned novel pages into her mouth, she then dies of a fractured skull. Sometime after Paul is rescued by police. Both of these stories where great and though they are in different settings the characters shared similar physiological problems and depression. I think if both of these women met and could ever be in the same story there would be gory, suspenseful, torturing of men. I would like to read a book where Stephen King and William Faulkner write a story sharing both their ideas, I think it would be very interesting, thrilling and great to read.

Carbon-14 Dating: an Invaluable Yardstick in the Chronology of Humans Essay

Archeologists use many manners to fail data from the past. One scientific pecker they use is to analyze the radioactive decay of chemical elements nominate in plant and animal remain, pottery, and even in rocks. Radio vitamin C date, also known as degree centigrade-14 dating, has been one of the near important radioisotope dating methods used. This scientific musical instrument, which was first developed by Willard F.Libby in the late 1940s, has signifi crumbtly improved the accuracy of assigning dates to past events and artifacts as remote back as 70,000 days. It is helping archaeologists, geologists, and anthropologists reconstruct the worlds history by filling in whatever of the many blank dates in the chronology of the history of our human world and by substantiating and revising other dates. In 1941, the radioactive atom, blow-14, was isolated and discovered.Utilizing this disco very(prenominal) of the unstable radioactive isotope of carbon, Libby recipeted an ide a for apply the decay rate of this radioactive form of carbon to date the remain of once-living plants and animals such as charcoal, timber, bone, shells, and fossils. In 1948, while at the University of Chicago, he and his colleagues started experimenting with carbon-14 as a means for dating the past. The scientists proved that carbon-14, which is pre direct in our atmosphere as carbon dioxide, is absorbed by plants, animals, and human beings at a unalterable rate, and that the standard of carbon-14 is stabilized at a specific keep down.A living organism back whole intake a finite totality of carbon-14. Then, at the min the living organism dies, it stops taking in any carbon-14, and the carbon-14 remaining in the organism starts to disintegrate at the half-life rate of 5,568 years (Poole 196127). (Today, found on refined calculations/techniques the half-life rate of carbon-14 is generally considered to be 5,730 years) (Wheatley 200498 DeYoung 200546). From the experiment al results, Libby devised an apparatus to measure the numerate of carbon-14 that had been lost and the amount that still remained in the substance. He planned to calculate the historic period of an object from the amount of carbon-14 left inside it after death.To test the validity of his carbon-14 counting crook and subsequent calculations, Libby well-tried many items that archaeologists had antecedently dated. approximately of the items he tested included acacia wood from the first stepped pyramid tomb of Egyptian ruler Zoser(established rate 2700 B.C. Libby date 3979350 years), cypress wood from the tomb of Sneferu in Egypt (established date 4,575 B.P. Libby date 4802210 years), cedar wood from the Egyptian pharaoh Sesostriss funeral boat (established date 3750 B.P. Libby 3621180 years), wood from a mom coffin from the Ptolemaic period in Egypt (established date 2280Libby 2190450 years), wheat and barley seeds (established date 5000 years old Libby date 5256230 years), and lastly, Libby dated charcoal from Iraq at 6596 360 years which coincided with the known approximate date (Poole 196128-32, Libby 195270). Except for the Zoser prototype date, which dated too far back in history, his experimental dates were accurate within an acceptable molding of error. These sample tests, along with many others, endureed that his carbon-14 test dating method was scientifically dependable within an acceptable margin of error for objects already dated. Libby and whence continued his drill on dating objects for which no dates had been established.Scientists and scholars began to send him samples from all over the world to radiocarbon date. This included dating artifacts from the Dead Sea Scrolls, Pompeii, Stonehenge, and unsanded Mexico. One of his most significant results occurred when his colleagues dated glacial debris near Two Creeks, Wisconsin. His scientific work provided strong evidence that the last Ice historic period in North the States had covered t he land as recently as 11,000 BCE years ago, not 25,000 years ago as most geologists forwardly believed (Libby 1952105). All of these accomplishments and the inroads Libby made in dating the past employing carbon-14 dating earned him the Nobel Prize in 1960.Although radiocarbon dating methods harbor improved tremendously, Libbys boilersuit methodology is still utilized and accepted as a dating technique. It is based upon the fact that carbon-14 is a radioactive, unstable isotope of carbon-12 since its molecular composition has two more than(prenominal) neutrons than protons. Carbon-14 is made when cosmic rays enter the earths atmosphere and collide with nitrogen atoms. The unattached carbon neutrons then combine with nitrogen-14 atoms to become carbon-14 (Nitrogen-14 + neutron Carbon-14 + proton). As the resulting carbon-14 atoms sick down towards the earths surface they combine with oxygen to make carbon dioxide.This carbon dioxide includes the stable, common isotope carbon-1 2 and also tinyamounts of radioactive carbon-14. Both kinds of carbon, C-14 and C-12, be absorbed and used by plants and trees during the photosynthesis process and become part of their cellulose structure. Animals then eat these plants containing carbon-14 and carbon-12 and thus forms of carbon enter their tissues. When plants and animals die, they no longer absorb carbon from the atmosphere and the trace amount of carbon-14 in them starts to slowly decay back to nitrogen (Carbon-14 Nitrogen-14 + Beta ()).Beta particles be single electrons that are free from atoms and canalize a negative charge (DeYoung 200525). At the point of death, all organisms contain one atom of carbon-14 for every trillion atoms of carbon-12 (Poole 196125). Carbon dating requires determining the amount of carbon-14 that has disintegrated in the sample and the amount that remains. Generally this is measured as the proportion of isotopes C-14/ C-12. This value is then compared to the initial carbon-14 cont ent in the sample to determine its age taking into neb carbon-14s half-life and other calibration factors (DeYoung 200546-48).Since the amount of carbon-14 in each sample is miniscule, it is necessary to bring several clean samples of the uniform artifact being dated. It is imperative to avoid contamination of the artifacts as any carbon-14 found in the non-sample genuine, such as roots or other decaying remains which index be from a different time period, could significantly distort the results since the percentage of carbon-14 in a sample is minute (Hedman 200758). Therefore, scientists or archeologists generally stash away large samples be generate when they cleanse the sample, which includes purification and distillation processes, small amounts of matter tend to be removed.The trowels must be meticulously cleaned and the artifacts are packed in chemically neutral materials to ensure that the samples ratio of C-14 to C-12 remains the alike. The stratigraphy of where the s ample was taken must also be examined to ensure that the carbon sample office was not contaminated. In addition, scientists extract several samples in put in to perform similar test on the artifact to confirm the accuracy of the dates they calculate. In order to determine a samples age, scientists perform experimental trials to identify and count the number of carbon-14 atoms in the sample based on carbon-14s unique physical properties of big mass and radioactivity (Hedman 200758).Today, scientists manipulate two formulas to determine the age of an artifact. One is the formula t = (1/)ln (I0/I), where symbolizes the decay constant for carbon-14, I stands for the amount of carbon-14 in the at rest(predicate) matter, t represents time in years, and I0 is the carbon-14 in living matter (LAnnunziata 2007526). This formula calculates the time that has elapsed from the time of death of an organism. The second is an exponential decay formula which is A = A0* e(-k) (LAnnunziata 2007523 ).In this equation, A stands for the amount of carbon-14 atoms remaining after a given time t, A0 denotes the number of carbon-14 atoms at the time of observation, and remains the decay constant. This formula allows scientists to know the ratio of the present amount of the radioactive isotope that remains versus the original amount in relation to time. This formula also determines the amount of carbon-14 that would diminish over a given time period. An important fact when using these formulas is that archaeologists and scientists are assuming that the production of radiocarbon in the atmosphere and the carbon-12 and carbon-14 ratio has remained constant over time.When Libby and his colleagues developed this dating system in the 1940s, they relied on the radioactivity of carbon-14s unstable nuclei. They, as well as subsequent scientists, have used Geiger counters to detect if radioactive carbon is present in a sample. This device is able to detect the beta particles emitted by atoms of carbon-14 as they decay. When these rays hit the Geiger counter, the device clicks indicating that the substance is radioactive. After, scientists start their process of determining the samples historical age.For example, if scientists wants to know the age of a piece of wood destroyed by fire, they take the piece of wood and soak it in chemicals to confirm any contamination particles that remain on the artifact are gone prior to it being tested. The next step is to abstract the carbon-14 atoms from everything else in the wood. To do this, scientists place the wood in a heavy glass tube and then burn it. When this reaction occurs, the burning of the wood leaves very little ash and emits carbon dioxide, which is collected in a purification vacuum system. Once the gas containing carbon-14 is completely purified, the gas enters a glass jar, which then enters the carbon-14 counter.This device is comprised of a ring of Geiger counters inside a casing, and all of this is surrounded b y lead or iron bricks to filter out even more radiations from the atmosphere. The sample is then tested and an electronic panel counts and records the time elapsedas each carbon-14 atom disintegrates. From this, scientists can calculate the approximate age of the sample by manipulating the formulas mentioned previously and calculate the number of years that have elapsed since the sample stopped the intake of carbon-14 and began its half-life decay (Poole 196140-46). A second method of radiocarbon dating used is the silver Scintillation counting method. This was particularly popular during the 1960s.The Liquid Scintillation counting method converts a sample to carbon dioxide either through combustion or acid hydrolysis. The gas is purified until it is ready to be reacted with molten lithium to form lithium carbide, before being catalytically trimerised to benzene (Higham 2002 paragraph 2). Once this process finishes, the benzene is driven off and collected under a vacuum to be count ed for carbon-14 content utilizing a Liquid Scintillation spectrometer. This apparatus counts the pulses of light emitted by the benzene compound when it is bombarded with photons and has a high precision in dating. Advancement in technology has led to the deuce-ace method of radiocarbon dating, which is more precise than the other two methods. This process is accelerator mass spectrometry or AMS.This technique uses multiple stages of acceleration and ionization, as well as several magnets to separate the carbon-14 isotopes from all other atoms and molecules in the sample. A major advantage of AMS is that all carbon-14 atoms in a sample are counted, not just the ones that happen to decay. This makes this method very sensitive and can give accurate dating even if only one milligram of carbon is provided (Hedman 200760). The limit of carbon-14 detection using AMS is about one carbon-14 atom for every 1016 stable carbon-12 atoms. This sensitivity is one part per ten thousand trillion or the equivalent of being able to detect a unique grain of sand along a 100 mile-long seashore (DeYoung 200550)This sensitivity means that artifacts can be analyzed without causing damage to them. It also enables objects with small amounts of carbon-14 (like steel tools) to be analyzed and dated. The only drawback is that AMS machines take up entire buildings, are only found in about thirty specialized places throughout the world, and it is very expensive to test samples utilizing this method (Hedman 200760). Various scientists use radiocarbon dating as a device to measure ages of artifacts however, it is categorized under the Culture History theoretical school of thought in archaeology.Culture Historyarchaeologists focus their work on cultural processes and work to determine human behavior. In the field their focus is keened toward the distribution of artifacts that can define traits, which leads to defining cultures and changes over time. Carbon-14 dating falls under this theore tical school of thought because its purpose is to date artifacts, and when the dates of an artifact are known, they can be related to one another and aid in defining a culture or changes in culture over time (shortman). One of the areas where carbon dating has been particularly useful is in stressful to date the evidence of human activity in the Americas.Prior to carbon-14 dating, most scientists believed the last Ice geezerhood ended about 25,000 years ago (Poole 196151). In 1950, ancient logs from spruce trees were found under glacial debris near Two Creeks, Wisconsin. Scientists were certain that these trees were crushed by the fourth Ice sequence. Pieces of this wood were sent to Libby for dating. Based on his tests, the last Ice Age had spread across the land as recently as 11,000 years ago This meant scientists had to restudy and revise previous dates of other natural events (Poole 196152-53). Another example of how carbon-14 dating helped was dating the evidence of humans c oming to the New World.This evidence revolves around the Clovis points, a group of artifacts, found in New Mexico. The Clovis points are large spearheads with a flute at their base and are made from rocks like flint or volcanic render like obsidian that can be chipped away to form sharp edges. Clovis points have been found throughout the United States, and at several sites, these artifacts were found with the remains of mammoths. Carbon-14 dating of these Clovis points places them at 11,000 BCE or 13,000 years ago after calibration (Hedman 200786). Using this data, the Clovis first-model was developed that suggested that there should not be any people in the Americas a great deal before 13,000 to 14,000 years ago in view of the Ice Age that made travel difficult, even if it did provide a corridor into this land.However, over the years archaeologists have claimed to discover sites that predate the Clovis points. As an example, carbon-14 dating of charcoal samples from the Meadowcro ft rockshelter in Pennsylvania suggests that the site is over 15,000 years old. This leads to the belief that people landed in America well before the ice-free corridor opened. In addition, in 1997 independent archaeologists confirmed the accuracy of the date of wooden poles and posts from a site in Monte Verde, Chile. Carbon-14 interrogatorysuggested the artifacts were 14,000 to 15,000 years old.This site also appears to be older than Clovis, which is surprising given the fact that it is 10,000 miles south of Alaska (Hedman 200788-91). There are controversies surrounding the carbon dating of these sites. As to Meadowcroft, which is near Canada, remains of oak and hickory trees were found in the oldest beds. It seems unlikely deciduous trees could survive the ice age yet the excavators counter this argument verbalise the area was sheltered which made the climate milder. Meadowcroft skeptics also suggested that the samples might be contaminated since the site is in the heart of coa l country.If any of the surrounding material (which no longer had carbon-14 in it since it had already decayed) was mixed with charcoal from the fires, it would dilute the C-14 fraction and the dates would be too old. The archaeologists countered this by saying the dates in each layer of excavation were in order of age. As to Monte Verde, skeptic said the artifacts found were near a stream so the evidence was not reliable. They might be a mixture of material from a range of different times (Hedman 200789-91).What is interesting about these examples is it points out some of the shortcomings of radiocarbon dating on the one hand, and on the other hand, it shows that it is a valuable tool for approximating the chronology of history when used with other dating techniques. Even though carbon-14 is a great tool in establishing the age of artifacts, it has some drawbacks. First, it can only date objects up to about 70,000 years ago since its half-life is 5,730 years (Wheatley 200498).In ad dition, its accuracy is debated. virtually scientists question the validity of using 5,730 years as a half-life since this assumes nuclear half-lives have always been stable. Moreover, radiocarbon dating assumes that the carbon-14 content of the atmosphere has remained constant over the years and that living things have a constant ratio of C-14 to C-12 in them when alive based on the C-14 content in the atmosphere. However, it is known that since the 1950s, the amount of carbon-14 in the atmosphere has increased because of nuclear bombs and reactors. Artifacts from this era would be dated younger than they really are since they have a higher C-14 to C-12 ratio.By the same token, the ratio between carbon-14 and carbon-12 during the industrial era would be lower due to the burning of fossil fuels and the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide. Because of the increased levels of carbon dioxide, it wouldcause things to appear older than their true age. Fortunately, scientists have been able to adjust their radiocarbon dating results to account for changes in the carbon-14 levels in the atmosphere by taking into account information obtained from tree-ring dating. The carbon-14 data is calibrated to the tree ring dates.This has greatly improved the accuracy of this dating technique (Wheatley 200498). The earths magnetic field can also impact carbon-14 dating results. Cosmic rays are charged particles, so they can be deflected by magnetic fields. Shifts in the magnetic field impart influence the quantity of cosmic rays that enter the earths atmosphere. If the magnetic field is strong, the number of cosmic rays entering the atmosphere will be reduced. This in turn affects the amount of C-14 in the atmosphere. There have been variations in the earths magnetic field. For example, based on data from volcanic rock, the earths magnetic field was stronger around 2000 BCE than it is today.At about the same time, the carbon-14 content of the atmosphere dropped. Today, t he radiocarbon dating process considers these variations in magnetic fields when dating artifacts (Hedman 200775-76). Lastly, another key assumption in radiocarbon dating is the fraction of C-14 to C-12 was the same for organisms living in the past as it is for organisms living today. It is known that some living organisms can accumulate more carbon-14 in their bodies than others.This is known as mass fractionation. For example, corns photosynthesis process causes it to have 2-3% higher carbon-14 fraction than shekels beets or tree leaves growing at the same time. If scientists did not take this into account, carbon-14 would underestimate the date of materials derived from corn (Hedman 200768-69). Despite these limitations, in my opinion, carbon-14 dating is an invaluable tool in helping date artifacts. Even though it can only date artifacts that are 70,000 years old or younger, it has enabled archeologists, geologists, and anthropologists to have a dampen understanding of how and where people lived over time in a large part to the chronological information it provides.Specifically, it helped revise the human timetable when it dated the Ice Age to being as recent as 13,000 years ago, not 25,000 years. Radiocarbon dating has also aided in confirming previously established dates. Some may discredit this dating technique because of some of its assumptions, however, refinements to this carbon dating process and collaboration with other dating techniques, such asdendrochronology, continue to confirm that carbon-14 is still an important yardstick in measuring time and has significantly helped the field of archeology.BibliographyDating. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2009. Encylopaedia Britannica Online. 09 Sept. 2009 . DeYoung, Don. Thousands, Not Billions Challenging an Icon of Evolution Questioning the Age of Earth. Green Forest New Leaf, 2005. 13-62. Hedman, Matthew. The Age of Everything How Science Explores the Past. Chicago University of Chicago P, 2007. 49-95. H igham, Thomas. The 14C Method. Radiocarbob WEB-info. 9 Aug. 2002. 26 Sept. 2009 . LAnnunziata, Michael. Willard F. Libby. Radioactivity Introduction and History. 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