Keeping Up with the Joneses Essay

Society has many effects on the narrator in â€Å"Two Kinds† and Madame Loisel in â€Å"The Necklace†. Whether it is helping us achieve feats or our actions in public, we can be affected both negatively and positively. In the short story â€Å"The Necklace† Madame Loisel is dirt poor. When her husband, a simple Clerk, comes home holding a white envelope which says â€Å"The Minister of Education and Mme. Georges Ramponneau beg M. and Mme. Loisel to do them the honor of attending an evening reception at the Ministerial Mansion. Madame Loisel tries her best to look as good as she can at the reception. She even borrows a necklace to look her best at the reception, this is because of how society expects us to look our best and dress up on occasion. In the other short story, Two Kinds, Ni Kan’s mother wants her to be something she doesn’t want her to be. Whether it was opening a restaurant, working for the government, or even building a house to sell it and make a profit. She basically wants her to become a prodigy, which is highly unlikely. My mother believed you could be anything you wanted to be in America. You could open a restaurant. You could work for the government and get good retirement. You could buy a house with almost no money down. You could become rich. You could become instantly famous. â€Å"Of course, you can be a prodigy, too,† my mother told me when I was nine. † Her mother wants her to become a prodigy because of how society has â€Å"molded† her thoughts and actions. Her daughter, she is only best tricky, you can be best anything. What does Auntie Lindo know? For example, her mother forces her to learn the piano, which doesn’t work out very well â€Å"Three days after watching the Ed Sullivan Show my mother told me what my schedule would be for piano lessons and piano practice. She had talked to Mr. Chong†¦ † In both positive and negative ways society has affected me in m any aspects of my life, society has affected how I look, how I do in school, what I want to become after High-School, what I say, how I perform in sports. In conclusion, society in a whole affects everyone, everywhere, every day in every way. This concludes my essay.

Bill Miller and Value Trust Essay

1. How well has Value Trust performed in recent years? In making that assessment, what benchmark(s) are you using? How do you measure investment performance? What does good performance mean to you? Value trust had outperformed its benchmark index, the Standard & poor 500 Index for 14 years in a row; am average annual total return of 14.6 percent, which surpassed the S&P 500 by 3.67% per year. Value trust had earned a cumulative return of more than 830% over the previous 14 years, more than double that its average peer and the index. There are two ways to mearsure investment performance; the percentage of annual growth rate of NAV assuming reinvestment (the total return on invenst) and the absoulute dollar value today of an investment made at some time in the past. These measure then compared with the performance of a benchmark portfolio such as the Russel 2000 Index or the S&P 500 Composite Index. 2. What might explain the fund’s performance? To what extent do you believe an investment strategy, such as Mill’s explains performance? Some observers attributed this success to the fund manager’s conscious strategy of staying fully invested at all times rather than attempting to time the extent of market investments. Another popular explanation for the fund’s performance was the unusual skill of Bill Miller, the fund’s portfolio manager. His approach was research-intensive and highly concentrated when 50% of its assets were invested in just 10 large-capitalization companies and he was not averse to take large positions in the stocks of growth companies. 3. How easy will it be to sustain Miller’s historical performance record into the future? What factors support your conclusion? NOT EASY EMH LUCKY EVENT 4. Consider the mutual fund industry. What roles do portfolio managers play? What are the differences between fundamental and technical securities analysis? How well do mutual funds generally perform relative to the overall market? Technical analysis: This involved the identification of profitable investment opportunities based on trends in stock prices, volume, market setiment, Fibonacci numbers,etc. Fundamental analysis: This approach relied on insights afforded by an analysis of the economic fundamentals of a company and its industry: supply and demand costs, growth prospects, etc. Mutual funds were able to perform up to the market on a gross-returns basis; however, when expenses were factored in, they underperformed the market. 5. What is capital market efficiency? What are its implications for investment performance in general? What are the implications for fund managers, if the market exhibits characteristics of strong, semi-strong, or weak efficiency? Three levels of market efficiency. 6. Suppose that you are an advisor to wealthy individuals in the area of equity investments. In 2005, would you recommend investing in Miller’s Value Trust? What beliefs about the equity markets does your answer reflect?

Indra Nooyi: Keeping Cool in Hot Water

Indra Nooyi joined PepsiCo in 1994 and was named president and CFO in 2000. Nooyi has directed the company's global strategy for more than a decade and led PepsiCo's restructuring, including the 1997 divestiture of its restaurants into Tricon, now known as Yums! Brand. Because of her desire to win, Nooyi fought hard for PepsiCo’s successful $3. 3 billion acquisition of Tropicana in 1998, eyeing the transaction as a vehicle to increase PepsiCo’s earnings and enhance its image as a premium brand for convient foods and drinks.The crowning glory in her career was serving as lead negotiator of PepsiCo's $13. 8 billion acquisition of the Quaker Oats Company in 2001, which led to her being named one of the top five officers at her company, which also brought Gatorade to PepsiCo. As the highest-ranked Indian American woman in corporate America, Nooyi led some of PepsiCo's most significant strategic moves. In 2007 she became the fifth CEO in PepsiCo's 44-year history.According t o Business Week, since she started as CFO in 2000, the company's annual revenues have risen 72%, while net profit more than doubled, to $5. 6 billion in 2006. Nooyi was named on Wall Street Journal’s list of 50 women to watch in 2007 and 2008, and was listed among Time’s 100 Most Influential People in The World in 2007 and 2008. Forbes named her the #3 most powerful woman in 2008. Fortune ranked her the #1 most powerful woman in business in 2009 and 2010. On the 7th of October 2010 Forbes magazine ranked her the 6th most powerful woman in the world.The information in this articles is just a more in depth description than our text book had given of the impact that Indra Nooyi has had on the PepsiCo. I found all of these article worth while. I enjoyed learning about Indra Nooyi and the great strides she has made for herself and for the PepsiCo. I think it is great to hear of the changes and advancements that Pepsi is undergoing with Indra Nooyi in the lead. She has prove n herself to be a wonderful role model and example for others to follow. I'm interested to see how Pepsi continues to grow with her as CEO.

A painter's costs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A painter's costs - Research Paper Example 3) When a 1 percent rise in price evokes less than a 1 percent fall in quantity demanded, this is price inelastic. From the value that we have obtained, we then know that paint as a commodity is price elastic. How does this relate to revenue for companies? Total revenue is equal to price times quantity or PXQ. The three cases of elasticity correspond to three different relationships between total revenue and price changes: If a price decrease leads to a decrease in total revenue, it is a case of inelastic demand. If a price decrease leads to an increase in total revenue, it is the case of elastic demand. And if a price decrease leads to no change in total revenue, it may be the case of unit-elastic demand. Since our good is price elastic, it may be wise for firms to lower their prices if they are to expect an increase in total revenue or profits because slashing their prices down, they are hiking their sales up by a larger magnitude.

Product Launch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Product Launch - Essay Example American Goods Wholesale Club (AGW) is a service provider and also carries actual products. Our company will tap into the market of patriotic American consumers whiles promoting products that already exist for both local consumption and export. AGW Club will provide a platform for manufacturers to display and promote their products while servicing its members with their needs. Manufacturers determine their prices but will be at a discounted rate compared to how much they will sell it to other retailers. Product owners will be paid when the product is sold. The marketing mix offers a very competitive pricing for AGW Club members, a solid medium for manufacturers and very low to no inventory cost for the company. AGW Club is situated in Virginia, United States of America. The club has also planned to expand the company in other states in the future with enhanced growth and prosperity. Moreover, the club also has an online store for providing services to members of the club across Ameri ca in a more efficient manner. Product Description AGW Club also facilitates in promoting products manufactured in America and in marketing those products to its members. Moreover, AGW Club acts as a medium for manufactures and the products are offered to the members of the club in accordance with their requirements and preferences. The products are procured from manufacturers at a discounted rate in comparison to price determined by manufacturers for offering those goods to local retailers. Contextually, it has been aimed to conduct a product launch in the emerging market of China with the motive of improving the international market exposure of made-in-America products and to enhance profitability of the club. The developing economy in China will assist the club in performing its business operations in an effective manner. Product Positioning Product positioning is the strategy of offering the products to customers in the market segments in an appropriate manner. The American Good s Wholesale Club (AGW) is required to determine the appropriate market segments where the products of the club will be mostly in demand as well as will be consumed in the market of China. The product positioning strategy will also enable the club to provide their products in the market successfully. The products which are to be provided in the market of China should be differentiated from products which are offered by competitors. The club should provide quality products which are mostly in demand by Chinese consumers due to the changes in buying behavior primarily owing to the developing economy of China as well as due to the advancement of technology. Moreover, the club is required to follow a differentiation strategy with the motive of meeting the requirements of Chinese markets as well as to perform business operations in a competitive manner. The differentiation strategy will enable the products of the club to be differentiated form the competitors as along with facilitating it to obtain loyalty of consumers. Contextually, distinct product features and unique selling proposition of the offerings need to be identified by the club in order to highlight that distinctiveness appropriately. The positioning strategy of the club needs to be maintained thoroughly and it needs to be ascertained that positioning of the

The Accounting Cycle Steps Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Accounting Cycle Steps - Research Paper Example Some of the financial statements prepared during the accounting cycle include the balance sheet, the income statement, statement of shareholders equity, as well as the cash flow statement (Agtarap-San, 2007). The accounting cycle may take place with regard to time in which the organization prepares its financial statements. For example, a business may prepare its financial statements on a yearly, quarterly, or monthly basis (Warren, 2010). This paper will discuss the steps of the accounting cycle right from the recording of transactions to preparing of financial statements. The Ten Steps of the Accounting Cycle Step 1-Analyzing Transactions There are ten steps involved in the accounting cycle; step one to three take place during the entire accounting period whereas the other steps from four ten occur in the end of an accounting period. The first step includes the analyzing of transactions. In this step, an organization look at the source documents, which include the description of th e events and transactions. Source documents can either include electronic sources or hard copies. Some of the source documents that the organization analyzes during this step include cheques, bank statements, as well as purchase orders. The accounting department of the organization should receive all the source documents from the other departments (Warren, 2010). Step 2-Journalize The second step in the accounting cycle involves preparing journal entries, which is performed after the analysis of source documents, events, and transactions. During this step, the organization’s accountant uses the double-entry accounting method and rules to journalize. Therefore, there should be recording of transactions in two accounts; in addition, there is a requirement that the credits must be equal to the debits. Upon the application of the debit and credit rules, the transactions are then recorded in a journal. A journal entails a record that has the complete transactions (Agtarap-San, 200 7). Step 3-Posting The third step in the accounting cycle includes posting, which entails the transfer of information from the journal entries in the journal to the ledger. The journal entry, comprising of both the debit and credit entries is posted in the ledger with both the credit and debit transactions. Thus, the posting step is the basic transfer of credits and debits from the journal and transferring them to the ledger. Before they are posted to the ledger, the journal entries should be scrutinized to ensure that they are accurate (Warren, 2010). Step 4-Trial Balance The fourth step includes the preparation of an adjusted trial balance, which refers to a list comprising of all accounts, as well as their balances. The information used in the preparation of the trial balance is derived from the ledger, with the account balances from the ledger being used in preparing a trial balance. In the trial balance, there is listing of transactions in the debit and credit column (Agtarap-S an, 2007). Step 5-Preparing Adjusting entries The fifth step of the accounting cycle details the preparation of adjusting entries, which involves adjusting the liability or asset account to its actual amount. In addition, the adjusting of journal entries also details the updating of the expense or revenue account. To start with, there is recording of the adjusting entries in the general journal, after which they may be posted to the

Americans with Disabilities Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Americans with Disabilities Act - Essay Example Title I of the Act clearly states that all the employers who have at least fifteen employees working under them, must give equal chances of employment to qualified disabled persons as well so that they get all the benefits that the organization is giving to the otherwise fit persons. The emphasis is on the elimination of discrimination which may arise in â€Å"recruitment, hiring, promotions, training, pay, social activities, and other privileges of employment† (U.S. Department of Justice, 2005). The employers do not have to ask them questions about the applicants’ disabilities until the job has been offered. Also, the employers are required to make such accommodations that should be appropriate for the physical or mental impairment that person is going through. The U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) holds the responsibility to file complaints and charges against persons non-complying with the Act (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2008). . .. job tasks; making equipment available for them; arranging medical examinations; modifying policies; or, arranging for special examiners and interpreters. Not all accommodations are needed by one disabled person. Every one of them would require a different sort of accommodation to be adjusted. But before making these accommodations, I would give a deep consideration to whether or not I should perceive the conditions being told as serious enough impairments that should require some accommodations made by me as a business manager. As far as obesity is concerned, Carrier (2000) states that â€Å"although courts initially were reluctant to recognize obesity as a qualifying disability for purposes of ADA protection, courts are increasingly willing to consider obesity as a disability giving plaintiffs status to raise ADA claims.† If I keep in mind the definition of disability as stated by the Act, then obesity is also one such claimed disability that restricts one to perform major li fe activities due to problems like in mobility. However, the point where obesity is defined should be considered. I will see that the person claiming accommodation is just fat or has higher than average fatness, and will see if there is a physical disorder that is causing obesity. If I find that there is some complication really associated with the person’s physique, I will make certain arrangements for him to make him feel at ease while at work but this decision would be more ethical than legal. Same is the case with depression as one cannot work properly when he suffering through anxiety, stress or trauma. If he is otherwise qualified, then I will consider arranging psychotherapists for the person. Again, this would be more of an ethical decision. Dyslexia is a serious impairment and under

Hypotheses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Hypotheses - Essay Example o setting prices that are lower than the competitors’ selling prices, the company must exert extra efforts to generate future customers’ demands for the company products. Customers prefer buying the lower priced products, all other factors being of equal importance (Bowman, 2010). Further, the next information needed is the advertising and promotion budget. With a higher budget, more target customers are reached. Consequently, more advertisements will persuade more target customers to try the new company product, compared to allocating a minimal advertising budget (Bowman, 2010). Furthermore, the marketing study must include the competitors’ prices. The customers’ prices will influence the demand for the company’s products. The competitors may institute cut-throat competition pricings, selling products at the lowest market price. The competitors are hoping that the cash-strapped and price-conscious target clients will prefer the lowest priced product in the market (Bowman, 2010). Moreover, the market test will show the current demand for the product. The company must determine whether the current competitors are supplying all the needs of the target markets. The current demand will indicate whether the market is saturated. Compared to a target market where all the competitors are not able to current supply the target markets’ present and future product demands, It is more difficult to sell a product in a saturated market because all the customers’ demand are presently met (Bowman, 2010). Further, the product quality must be determined. A poor quality product will generate low demand and higher product returns. However, high quality products will generate high customer demand. Quality affects the sales output (Bowman, 2010). Furthermore, location plays an important role in generating sales (Bowman, 2010). The product must be sold in places that customers can easily access. To save on transportation, customers will prefer buying from the nearest

Critique the Article Critical Thought Assignment

Critique the Article Critical Thought - Assignment Example The participants are not compensated of the losses that they undergo due to the unexpected strikes. Thought the whole article, the author shows disapproval of the trade unions and the roles that they play in advocating the rights of the workers. He simply agitates for proactive planning and foreseeing such events before they happen, and hence plan in good time (Jay, pg. 28). The labor unions play a very critical role in the life of the workers. It advocates their rights, which includes wages, allowances and good working environment. The author is not sensitive to the needs of the workers when he disregards the strikes and their agitation for their needs. Essentially, the management of the institutions that took place in the strike is to blame. Why could they not settle the issues with the workers and prevent the occurrence of the strike? Even as far as the workers have their right to protest against poor working conditions, they should be strategic in their planning. They do not want to call for a strike, and no step is taken to improve their grievances. They possess the power to power to dictate what they want as long as it is in line with the operations of the firm. There is no problem with the workers calling for a strike before a big event, as it likely to be felt more than before. In summation, the author’s opinion is contrary to the rights of the workers. He is too much on the unexpected losses caused due to the sudden

Security in Website Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Security in Website Design - Research Paper Example Just as in the physical world, in the virtual world of the Web to a new type of cyber criminals emerged. Information is money on the Web, and cybercriminals began targeting information that they were not authorized to access or utilize. It was at the face of such an evolving situation that ‘security’ assumed overwhelming significance in the entire ICT gamut. The computer system had to be protected, the communication network had to be protected and the websites and the web servers had to be protected. Access control through firewalls, maintaining information confidentiality through strong encryption processes, a range of intrusion detection systems, anti-virus, and anti-phishing software are being deployed to provided security to information on the web and the Internet. While evolving technology offers many such security solutions for protecting the network as a whole, the servers and the client systems used to access the Web, a great deal also depends on the how websites are designed. â€Å"When a hacker attacks a network with no direct access to the internet, the first step is getting a user to access a malicious file or web site†. The design of any website has to take security into account right from the conceptualization and planning stages.   The fact is that theoretical security is always less effective than practical security i.e. unobtrusive security that can be practically implemented on a day-to-day basis. The concern, in this case, is that usable security is about the ways in which the users of the website would experience both privacy and security, albeit a technology, in routine life.

Infection Control & Work Health and Safety Assignment

Infection Control & Work Health and Safety - Assignment Example Codes of practice provide comprehensive information about sections of acts or regulations. It also gives an outline of actions, activities, responsibilities, responses and technical requirements to conditions and measures to be observed within a work place. Therefore, the WHS regulation and codes of practice support activities of the WHS Act. Similarly, the codes of practice support activities of the WHS regulations. Pertussis is caused by a bacterial microorganism Bordetella pertussis and uses the human body as a reservoir. The bacteria breeds in the respiratory system hence pertussis mostly affects the respiratory tract causing heavy coughing and sneezing to patients. Pertussis spreads through the droplet mode of transmission. It is caused by viral micro-organisms referred to as rotavirus, Norovirus or Astrovirus. The human body is responsible for providing reservoirs for the viruses. The condition’s portal of exit is through the human gastrointestinal tract and leaves the body through faeces. Acute gastroenteritis spreads via vector transmission. Hepatitis B is caused by viral micro-organisms referred to as hepadnavirus. The human body provides a reservoir for the survival of the viruses. Microorganisms that cause Hepatitis B reside in the urinary tract and can be caused by pathogens. This condition spreads through direct contact to people with the virus. For example, transmission can be through sexual intercourse. When conducting clinical therapies, health workers are required to practice set procedures when dealing with spills. It is also necessary to note that spills should be cleaned immediately, and the area disinfected to prevent multiplication of infections. In clinical settings, most spills include body fluids or ought to be treated before disinfection and correct waste disposal techniques applied (WHS Act qtd. in Safe Practices Learning Guide 2012: 21). In managing spills, health workers should observe standard

Indian Republic Day Speech Essay Example for Free

Indian Republic Day Speech Essay India celebrates our 64th Republic Day which is one of three national days in India. Commonly 64th Republic Day is a public holiday in most of the countries to honor the day on which the country first became republics. In such some are Commonwealth countries, the British sovereign was ruling the state until the change of status. Even though India obtained freedom on August 15, 1947, Indian Constitution implemented and came into effect only on January 26, 1950. King George VI, the last and only â€Å"King† of the modern India, was leading our state during the evolution period from 1947 to 1950. Lord Mountbatten and C. Rajagopalachari were serving as the Governors-General of India at that time. Afterwards Rajendra Prasad was elected as the first president of India on January 26, 1950. With this the Parliament officially approved the Constitution of India and declared itself as a â€Å"Republic† on January 26, 1950, a date thereafter celebrated every year as Republic Day in India. Lets know about India Republic Day official celebration in New Delhi. According to the Republic Day celebration on January 26th every year a grand parade is held in New Delhi, the Capital of India, beginning from Raisina Hill near the Presidential Palace Rashtrapati Bhavan, along the Rajpath, past India Gate and on to the historic Red Fort in the heart of the city to honor this occasion. Defence forces of state, Indian Army force, the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force performs the past in parade with their ceremonial dress and official decorations on this auspicious occasion of Republic Day. At the end of parade Air Force jets perform a colorful flypast by in a Tiranga formation which is adventurous and eye-catching at a time. Similar celebrations with such parades are held in the capitals of all the states of India on the Republic day. The Governor of the each state takes the salute in their respective celebrations. More over all official government offices will also celebrate this national day which is also considered as people’s day. Once this salutation gets over, a 21 gun salute is presented, the President unfurls the National Flag and the National Anthem is performed. This regards the beginning of the parade. The Republic day Parade commences with winners of bravery awards passing the President in open jeeps. We all are proud to be Indians and would salute the great glory of our country. By saying this I would like to finish my speech.

The use of ICTs

The use of ICTs Abstract As a great attention has been paid for the development of new generation eMediaries, the rapid escalation of the Internet and ICT (Information and Communication Technology) has also precious for recognized tour operators. The main purpose of this report is to examine the use of ICT by the tour operator Thomas Cook and to analyze the key issues. The report uses information from journals, companys reports and trade press articles. The report highlights the fundamental aspects of Thomas Cooks Business Strategies and the Business Model. (Marianna Sigala) The eBusiness impact is well documented by Jacsson and Harirs (Jackson): suggested that the Information and Communication Technology affecting the processes of companys operations followed how they do business, is well interpreted and how company need to reorganize and restructure themselves continuously. The aim of this report is to explain the acceptance of eBusiness by the traditional operators, and to explain the competitive advantage of eBusiness and Information and Communication Technology with a neat explanation and interpretation by analyzing Dniel Frews view (Daniele). The report briefly explains the Thomas Cooks strategies, as a large tour operator increasing profitability with the vertical integration and how it produced a substantial concentration in the market. The report explains the key factors and the need of ICT for tourism, like the importance of IT trainings and education for business policy makers, key role players and managers in the industry. Explains the integration of different sectors in this industry, example: transport, lodge, etc., the up gradation of organizations Technical Infrastructure and the need of Human Infrastructure like people with technology skills, vision and management skills. (Shanker, 2008) The report explains the importance of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and how tourism industry adopted ICT to make the best sales trough eMarketing as well as online sales. It supports several indications like internet connectivity ad usage of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) Systems. It also explains the customers expectations and market competition. And the gap between small scale companies and large scale companies utilizing ICT and applications of eBusiness. The report briefs the use of eBusiness for Thomas Cooks business strategy on business objectives like business integration and delivering planned synergies, use of eBusiness to strengthen the main stream model for tour operating, implementing the independent travel segments, to expand the groups financial services. (plc, 2007) The report summarizes information on computing and Information Systems, here Information and Communication Technology plays a vital role to present the organizations ability to satisfy its customers travel safety measures and presenting them for great leisure time. The way Thomas Cook approaches its customers to explain the tour packages with visualizations on their website and in other way of electronic communication like contacting them by means of Tele-Communications, electronic mails and social networking sites. This report presents the way Thomas Cook achieved its success in competitive advantage. Conclusion: The report presents the e-Commerce and the e-Governance approach towards its customers, and how the web makes it easy for travelers to plan their holidays. How Thomas Cook provides appropriate online experience to its visitors to ensure the quality conversion and sales. Explains how online booking become an impotent part of their business and growth is set to continue (TravelMole, 2007). And the research methods Thomas Cook taken about, its customers progress through the online journey and how it will continue to enhance its websites and tools respectively (TravelMole, 2007). References: Daniele, R. . Intermediaries to Market-Makers:. In A. J. (Ed), Information and Communication Techonologies in Tourism (pp. 546-557). Jackson, P. . (n.d.). EBusiness and Oraganizational Change: recounciling traditional values with business transformation. Journal of Oraganizational Change Management , 16(5), 497-511. Marianna Sigala, L. M. (n.d.). Tour Operators in in an eBusiness World. Retrieved March 19th, 2010, from http://books.google.co.uk: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9f5_kvYrZoCpg=PA207lpg=PA207dq=thomas+cook+information+and+communication+technologysource=blots=KkiM3J5HGosig=iL2qLClFWLyN8wzC6Dgx3PXScUchl=enei=1vykS5jQFIS80gTFitT1CQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=9ved= plc, T. C. (2007, June 27). Thomas Cook Group plc. Retrieved March 19th, 2010, from http://www.thomascookgroup.com: http://www.thomascookgroup.com/media/tcgpresentationfinal2007.pdf Shanker, D. (2008, May 15 17). ICT and Tourism: Challenges and Opportunities. Retrieved March 19th, 2010, from http://dspace.iimk.ac.in: http://dspace.iimk.ac.in/bitstream/2259/536/1/50-58.pdf TravelMole. (2007, October 02). Thomas Cook e-commerce director highlights online trends. (http://www.marvellousmedia.com, Interviewer)

Procter and Gamble Mergers and Acquisition

Procter and Gamble Mergers and Acquisition PG ltd is a leading multinational based in Cincinatti, USA. With sales of around 78.9 billion dollars or 3,779 billion rupees approx in 2009 and a presence in almost 180 countries PG has touched 4.2 billion people across the world, and aims to touch 5 billion by 2015. It has a presence in the beauty and grooming, Health and well being and the Household care segment. In the Skin care segment, some of the major brands are Olay, Gillette and Braun. In the hair care segment, its major brands include Pantene, Wella, Rejoice, Head and Shoulders etc. It is also present in the hair colour segment with products like Nice n Easy and Natural Instincts. PG has looked at the inorganic way of growth also especially in its personal care business. Some of the major acquisitions that it has made in this segment are mentioned below in a brief. In 2001, PG acquired Clairol for an all cash deal of 4.95 billion dollars or 232.65 billion rupees approx. This was primarily done to have the strong hair business of Clairol in their basket. PG had no presence in the hair colour segment and the Herbal Essences line of Clairol was the market leader. The acquisition was a strategic decision, as it saw more sense to acquire the 2nd biggest player after LOreal. The immediate impact of this acquisition was the 2.5 % increase in revenue, after a miserable 2000, as sales for the company had stagnated. In terms of distribution and marketing, PG was able to add value and achieve economies of scale as it distributed and marketed the Clairol with its existing brand of products. With the advent of the new millennium, it was imperative to expand into newer geographies, and for PG it meant Europe and Latin America. With this objective in mind, in 2003 it acquired Wella, a leading marketer of beauty salon products for 5 billion dollars or Rs 230 billion approx. Wella had a dominant market share in the hair care segment in these geographies and along with PGs reach in the US, it aimed at having a dominant position in the Womens hair care segment. As part of the of the integration strategy after the acquisition, PG sought to complement the sales of professional care products of Wella and personal hair care products like Pantene, Head and Shoulders, and Herbal Essences. This was a major push, that PG was looking for, as the Wellas inclusion lead double digit growth in revenues in 2004. The biggest buy in this space came in the year 2005, when PG acquired Gillette for 57 billion dollars, approximately Rs 2500 billion. This was also done with a view of catering to the entire household. The male grooming segment was worth 5.5 billion dollars and PG was not present in this segment. The well known products of Gillette were Mach 3 razor, Duracell, Oral -B, Right guard and Braun. Thus, it gave PG access to not only the mens grooming segment but also the gadget market with Braun. Gillette was already an established brand with 31 plants in 14 countries and significant presence especially in the BRIC countries. This strong presence across geographies was expected to lead to strong synergies and significant cost reductions. These were the major acquisitions by PG in the most profitable and fast growing segment of personal care and beauty. PG was also seeking to diversify its business risk by expanding into different geographies and different market segments where it had no presence earlier. By acquiring Clairol, Wella and Gillette, PG had complimentary brands and products which helped it achieve synergies in scale in marketing, distribution and promotion. UNILEVER Unilever has 400 brands across 14 categories of home, personal care and food products. They have big global brands with a broad based portfolio like Dove, Axe, Clear, Lux, Ponds, Suave, Lipton to name a few. They are world no.1 in Savoury, dressing, tea, ice cream, spreads, deodorants, mass skin. World no.2 in Laundry, daily hair care, and they have local strength in oral care and household cleaning. Unilever has made several strategic acquisitions in the past few years. Their acquisitions in the personal and hair care business include the following. On 2nd April 2009 they purchased the hair product business of TIGI. Major brand in TIGIs portfolio includes Bed head, S-Factor and Catwalk. The acquisition was valued at 411.5 million dollars (Rs. 19.90 billion). On 25 Sep 2009 they acquired the Sara Lees personal care business for 1.275 billion Euros (Rs 89.78 billion). The brands included Radox, Sanex, Duschads. Colgate Palmolive Ltd Colgate Palmolive is one of the leading companies across the world in the household and personal care industry, present in more than 200 countries. It has a wide range of products under various categories including oral care, personal care, pet nutrition, home care and professional oral care. Few brands under personal and oral care are Palmolive Spa, Palmolive Aroma shower gel, Palmolive Natural Liquid Hand Wash Family Health, colgate dental cream, colgate max fresh, colgate total 12, colgate sensitive tooth brush and colgate zig zag. It has recorded worldwide sales of $15,327 million in 2009 which is level with the sales in 2008 being $15,330 million. The organic sales excluding mergers and acquisitions, foreign exchange and divestment grew by 6.5%. Colgate Palmolive has strengthened its global position by acquiring brands in the oral care and home care categories. Following is a description of the same in brief Colgate started in the 18th century as a soap manufacturer and merged with Palmolive-Peet company in 1928. Colgate initiated its international operations being a pioneer by creating a Canadian subsidiary in 1913 and France in 1920. Eventually, it expanded its operations in Australia, Philippines, Germany, United Kingdom and Mexico. In 1953 it officially became Colgate-Palmolive company. Since the company was focusing on international operations and was seeking growth in the personal care business, in 1985 Colgate-Palmolive merged with Hong Kong-based Hawley Hazel which being a leading oral care company added to its strength to expand its presence in Asian markets. In 1987, Colgate acquired a line of liquid soap based products through Softsoap from Minnetonka which was an essential step towards Colgate being the pioneer in the liquid soap category. Colgate had achieved decent gross margins in the beginning of 1990s, hence it decided to invest in research and development.It announced restructuring of the infrastructure by reducing the number of employees and factories, thereby adopting a growth strategy to enter different avenues as it was facing tough competition from Procter and Gamble. In 1992, Colgate acquired Mennen Company for 670 million dollars. This widened its personal care business line by addition of the best U.S. deodorant brand, Mennen Speed Stick, and the number two baby-care brand, Baby Magic. During the same course of time, Colgate achieved success in skin-care and hair products. The strengths of Colgate, like distribution and marketing reach gave a major push to the Menen brands in terms of geographic coverage. Further, in 1993 the purchase of S.C. Johnson Son, Inc.s liquid hand and body soap brands in Europe and the South Pacific it speedily progressed in the liquid soap market and became the market leader due to this acquisition. In 1995 Colgate purchased Kolynos Oral Care from American Home Products worth $1.04 billion. Kolynos being a widely accepted brand in Brazil and a leader in several other Latin American countries widened the its oral care portfolio. This purchase pushed Colgates share of the Latin American oral-care market from 54 percent to 79 percent. Colgate also increased its market share at a global level by implementing product development and huge amount of investments in marketing strategies and advertising expense. It introduced antimicrobial agent based toothpastes which increased its acceptability overseas. Next, Colgate acquired European oral care firm GABA Holding AG worth $866 million. GABA, was operating in 15 countries with annual sales of close to $300 million. Its strength in the pharmacy channel supported Colgates leading position in the European retail market. This increased Colgates share of the European toothpaste market to 33 percent. In 2006 Colgate stepped into the fast-growing Naturals segment by acquiring Toms of Maine which was a leading manufacturer of natural toothpaste for US $100 million. At present, Colgate Palmolive has a lot of subsidiaries across 200 countries. But, it is publicly listed only in US and India. LOreal France based Loreal has a century of expertise in cosmetics, with 17.5 billion euros in consolidated sales in 2009. It has 23 brands and is present in 130 countries. Few of the brands they have in their stable include Garnier, Maybelline New York, and Body Shop etc, which also have a presence in India. Although LOreal had created a niche in the segments that it was present in, it still looked at opportunities to grow inorganically across the world. One such opportunity came by in the year 2007, when it announced that it was acquiring 100% of the Turkish hair care product company Canan. Canan, founded in 1981, achieved high sales numbers of 26 million euros in 2006, mainly through its brand Ipek, which was 4th in the mass market hair care segment. The Turkish cosmetics market was expanding strongly, and the acquisition of Canan was important as it also had a manufacturing in Istanbul. It also had an extensive presence in the retailing chains across the country and that is something LOreal was interested in , as it would help it push the other brands of the company, when they would finally be introduced in Turkey Focussing on hair care and the cosmetics business, in quick succession, they also acquired 2 professional salon distributors in the US. The 1st of them was in 2006 when it acquired Beauty alliance, which through its business model was selling to 1,25,000 salons through 870 distributor sales consultants and 400 professional consultants. It had achieved sales of 372 million dollars in 2006. Close on the heels of this purchase, it acquired Malys west which had a significant presence in the western states selling to 30,000 salons through 340 distribution sales consultants and than 100 professional outlets. These acquisitions allowed the creation of a particularly high performance beauty salon distribution model combining the American distribution system and LOreal s expertise in hairdressing salon partnerships. Also, staying with the US, where major of its acquisitions have taken place, they acquired PureOlogy, in May 2007. PureOlogy is a luxury American brand sold through hair dressers in the professional hair care market. It was then one of the fastest growing hair care brands in the US, with 2006 sales touching 57 million dollars and it was a significant addition into LOreals fold. The roaring Indian decade The Indian FMCG industry is a key sector in the Indian context, since it is one of the few sectors that have been able to work on the last mile distribution, by having a robust and dynamic rural play too. From a $9 billion industry in 2000, the Indian FMCG industry has catapulted to become a $25 billion industry in 10 years. A big part of this growth story has been written by Indian FMCGs, which have recorded CAGRs of 15-16% over the past decade, compared to the industry average of 14.5% and Hindustan Unilevers 5.5% (source: IDFC Securities report). The aggressiveness with which the Indian FMCGs are expanding appears to have its roots in their overwhelming success against MNCs on their home turf. In 2000, Hindustan Unilever commanded more than 60% of the market in most key FMCG categories such as soaps, detergents and shampoos. A decade later, according to the report, the tables have turned and Indian FMCGs are clearly on top. HULs sales in most categories are less than half of the rest of the listed Indian FMCG players. The markets have applauded their toils. The market capitalisation of Godrej Consumer Products, for instance, has multiplied 27 times from Rs 304.8 crore in 2000 to Rs 8,315.7 crore in 2010. Similarly, Marico has grown from Rs 362.5 crore to Rs 6,431 crore in 2010, while Dabur has grown from Rs 2,336.5 crore to Rs 13,861.2 crore in 2010 over the same period. Compare this with HUL: in 2000, its market cap was at Rs 53,694.6 crore, more than twice the value of all the Indian FMCG companies combined. But in 2010, its market cap has crumbled to Rs 49,689.5 crore. The sales and profit figures show similar trends: from Rs 1,046 crore in 2000, Dabur India became a Rs 3,389 crore company in 2010, while Marico grew from Rs 650.39 crore to Rs 2,660.76 crore over the same period. HULs growth chart shows no such exponential growth: from Rs 10,978 crore in 2000, it earned Rs 17,979 crore a decade later. That is the rosy part; these companies have been able to ride the wave in the Indian growth story. The Indian market although not saturated, has been tapped to a large extent. These companies soon realised that they had to go global to diversify their risks and also provide them another avenue for growth. Thats obviously easier said than done, when these companies go global, they will face uncertain geographies, regulations and different consumer behaviour. They also have presence of local players in those markets and large MNCs present there who will have a head start in those markets. What will be even more challenging is to be able to bring in synergies in between these acquisitions to their existing businesses. The temptation to go global is always strong as the return on investments on international businesses is more brisk than in domestic business. The kind of price brands are able to command in this category of cosmetic care is higher in overseas markets in India. But it is also imperative to realise that the global play cannot be at the expense of the Indian market, which still offers a lot of scope and potential for growth. Without having a strong base in the country of origin, it does not make sense to make any venture abroad. In this report, we have looked at a few global and Indian companies who have made significant acquisitions worldwide, with a focus on Marico Industries Limited. Indian companies making it big globally Godrej Consumer Products Limited Outlook Business 24 July 2010 The Godrej group was established in 1857. It is one of Indias most trusted brands. It has seven major companies under it; they are into FMCG, appliances, industrial engineering, real estate, agri-care, security etc. Godrej consumer products ltd (GCPL) is its consumer products division. 20 percent of their business is done overseas. They are present in more than 60 countries. The estimated value of their acquisitions in the personal care segment is $600 million. They have a global 3 by 3 strategy. They are present in 3 continents- Asia, Africa and Latin America through 3 core categories hair care, personal wash and home care. Over the past few years, they have been following a focussed approach to identifying acquisitions that fit well with their business strategically. They entered the UK market in Jan 2005 by acquiring the company Keyline brands. The brands in their portfolio include Cuticura, Erasmic, Adorn, Nulon, Apri. Godrej entered South Africa in Sep 2006, while Marico entered in OCT 2007, almost a year after. They acquired the company Radipol. They have brands like Inecto (ethnic hair colour brand) Soflene (hair and skin colour brand). They also acquired Kinky in April 2008. They entered Nigeria in March 2010. They acquired the company Tura which is a personal care brand. They entered Indonesia in April 2010, they acquired the company Megasari which is in the home care, personal care and hair care segment. It acquired Argentina-based based hair care firm Argencos SA. Godrej is still on the lookout for more acquisitions. It has been on an aggressive acquisition spree, in hair colour, insecticides and soaps. The companys board in Dec 2009 had given approval to raise up to 30 billion rupees in debt and equity to fund mergers and acquisitions. WIPRO Consumer Care and Lighting Wipro Consumer care and lighting is part of the Wipro group of companies involved majorly in the IT services. It is based in Bengaluru and made revenues of 208 crores in revenue for yearend 2009. From being a purely vanaspati company, it has grown to own a vast plethora of brands spanning across categories. Some of the major brands that it has include Santoor, Chandrika, Yardley etc. It has never been a major force to reckon with in the dynamic FMCG business in the country. In the last couple of years, it has acquired a few brands internationally, keeping in mind the trend that has been witnessed in FMCG companies, specifically in the personal care segment. The 2 acquisitions have been mentioned further. It acquired Singapore based Unza holdings limited in July 2007 for Rs 1,010 crores. Unza has a wide range of products like body lotions, deodorants, shampoos and shower gels under the brand name Enchanteur. One of the major strengths of Unza was its ability to deal with the modern retail chains, as half of its revenues came from selling to such chains. The Indian retail sector is under constant change, and this acquisition was timely as the revenue for Wipro Consumer care rose by over 87% in the immediate year after the acquisition of Unza. Unzas major markets included Vietnam, Hongkong, China, Indonesia, and Malaysia. As mentioned earlier, major personal care businesses were planning to go international and specifically the south east asia, middle east and African regions. The acquisition of Unza gave Wipro two bonus mature markets in China and Hongkong. The idea was to bring in cost efficiencies to its products, by increasing the margins that these products earn. The only flip side to this was the fact that Wipro had to make heavy spends on advertising and promotions as most Indians were not aware of this brand. But, the scale this acquisition brought Wipro was important to give it a push in the FMCG space. In November 2009, Wipro announce that it has acquired the Yardley business in Asia, Middle East, Australasia and certain African market for 45.5 million dollars, approximately Rs 2,118 million from UK based Lornamead Group. This has given the Wipro group a heritage brand in its kitty as Yardley was established in 1770 and it has a very strong equity globally in markets including Asia, Middle east and Australasia. Wipros strong RD was expected to give a strong push to one of the most powerful brands in the personal care market. Dabur India Limited It is one of the leading consumer goods company in India with a turnover of Rs 2834.11 crore (FY2009). It is one of the few consumer goods company to have a significant manufacturing presence across the world, with 17 plants. Their master brands include Dabur, the ayurvedic healthcare brand, Vatika premium hair care, Hajmola tasty digestives, Real fruit juices and beverages and Fem Skin care products. It has been able to create a niche in the minds of the consumer, with the USP of ayurvedic products. Although, they have garnered a significant share in the Indian market, this USP meant that it left them with little or no options to grow in organically. Acquisitions abroad were not easy to come as the ayurveda and nature based products is an USP no other company offered. The international business division, a SBU within Dabur India limited, catered to the healthcare and personal care needs of customers across different international markets like Gulf region, Egypt, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Nepal and the US. Although, it made a few acquisitions in the country like Balsara who was present in the hygiene and home products business and also fem care Pharma, a leading player in the countrys women care segment. These acquisition offered Dabur to enter newer product categories and markets. In the international market it made its first move as, in July 2010, it acquired Hobi Kozmetik group, a leading personal care products company in Turkey. 3 subsidiaries of Hobi were bought for a total consideration of 69 million dollars, approximately Rs 3,231 million. This is in line, with their idea of further consolidating and expanding their already substantial presence in the Middle east and the North Africa region. Hobi Kozmetik, has a wide range of hair care and skin care products under the Hobby and New Era brands. It also commands a 35% market share in the hair gel category. What is noteworthy is that its products are sold across 35 countries. Dabur has a host of international brands that enjoy pole position across their respective categories. So, Hobis brands have to get into synergy with Daburs offering soon, so that capitalization on the strengths of Daburs businesses across the international operations is significant. Colgate Palmolive India Ltd Colgate Palmolive India Ltd started in the year 1937. It offers various products in India and internationally in the personal care, oral care, household care and pet nutrition. It has a market capitalization of 2.4 billions. In 2007, it acquired 75% stake in Professional Oral Care Products Pvt Ltd based in Goa which manufactures and supplies toothpaste to Colgate Palmolive India Ltd. Further, it also acquired 75% stake in Advanced Oral Care Pvt Ltd an 100 % stake in SS Oral Hygiene Products Pvt Ltd in 2008. The sales dropped in the toothpaste and toothbrush market in 2009 as compared to 2008. This did not hamper the sales of Colgate Palmolive to a very great extent. In fact, even though the personal and home care industry was facing negative inflationary effects due to which companies increased the prices, Colgate Palmolive adopted a volume based strategy. Since, it faces competition from HUL and P and G, Colgate Palmolive decided to further strengthen its position as a market leader by acquiring a 100% stake in CC Heath Care which is a Hyderabad based tooth powder manufacturer in March 2010. Presently, Procter and Gamble is planning to come up with its Crest toothpaste brand. The idea is to take away market share. This may lead to a price war which is a major concern for investors. Emami Its gross revenue was over Rs 1000 cr. in FY 2010 with a CAGR of 27% over last 5 years while its net sales grew by 35.7% in FY 2010. Their domestic distribution network includes over 2800 distributors, 4,00,000 retail outlets and brand reaches 26,00,000mn outlets through other trade channels. Emami Limited has over 30 brands under its portfolio, 4 of which are Rs. 100 cr. brands. It has developed strong brands like Navratna, BoroPlus, Fair and Handsome, Sona Chandi, Fast Relief, Mentho Plus and has recently acquired Zandu. Emamis products in different categories like cool oil, antiseptic cream and fairness cream for men are market leaders in their respective segments. Emamis products are available in 60 different countries. Their international business contributes about 14% of the total revenue. Most of their international business growth comes from Middle East, CIS and SAARC. The international business is growing at a CAGR of 38% over the last 5 years. One of their business objectives is to foray into new categories and international business in order to drive revenue growth. In fact they are focusing on setting up manufacturing facilities in Egypt and Bangaldesh. Emami Ltd. bought Zandu Pharmaceuticals for Rs 750 crore-plus in 2008. The brand Zandu, one the strongest Ayurvedic Brand, has a market share of about 43% of the balm market in India. This acquisition was aimed at building a strong Ayurvedic Ethical / Generics portfolio, promoted through doctors and strong consumer marketing driven OTC Business. The production commenced at the Pantnagar unit, located in the tax free zone of Uttaranchal. Post acquisition integration process was undertaken by streamlining sales channels in the north, east and west zone. This helped Emami strengthen the network further, in Western India. Their sales realizations increased by over 10% owing to the improved distribution coverage and penetration. It helped the company focus on incremental sales from alternate channels like state governments, PSUs and institutions. More acquisitions in the personal and healthcare sector in the domestic market is on the companys radar. It has about 1,000 cr. set aside for its acquisitions, and Paras Pharma has been suggested by their financial consultants seems to fit the bill. Encouraged by their performance post Zandu acquisition Emami Limited is also on lookout for acquisitions abroad for inorganic growth in FMCG sector. Marico Limited Marico Ltd. is one of Indias leading FMCG players in the beauty and wellness space. Its brands and brand extensions have significant market share in various categories like hair oils, coconut oil, refined and premium edible oils. Its flagship brand is Parachute coconut oil, which is the largest branded coconut oil commanding a huge market share of the Indian, organized coconut oils segment. Its other flagship brand includes Saffola, which is the leader in the edible oils segment and now has entered into the foods category Saffola diabetes management, Saffola cholesterol management atta mixes, Saffola Arise which is a lower GI rice which contains good carbohydrates and Saffola Salt which is the healthier choice in salt, with less sodium and higher potassium and calcium. Over the last 17 years, Marico has been continually building new brands, creating new categories and has been a leader in various markets. Marico houses well known hair care, health care and skin care brands. Under hair care it has brands like Parachute, Nihar, Shanti, Mediker, Shanti Badam Amla, Silk and Shine, Hair code, Black Chic, Hair and care etc. Under health care it has premium edible oils, and functional foods Under Skin care they have brands like Mediker, Manjal, Kaya skin care products. Competitive advantages: Marico has a strong distribution network, which ensures a pan-India presence. Marico has a well-built network in Middle East, African countries, and SAARC. Marico also enjoys strong brand equity; it also enjoys the leadership or the second position wherever it has its presence. Therefore it has a pricing power over the other players in the market. Marico is also present in the largely under penetrated Indian beauty service segment through its Kaya range of products and clinics, which acts as a growth driver and provides it with sufficient room for augmenting future revenues. International consumer products business In the global space the major markets for Marico are the Middle East, Bangladesh, Egypt, and South Africa. The International Business group of Marico reaches out to more than 20 countries. This group was formed in the early 1990s. The IBG customizes its product offerings to suit the requirement of diverse cultures. Graphical exposition of Maricos Total sales from financial year2004 to 2009 and IBGs Contribution Source: Company Website Marico is present in Bangladesh through its wholly owned subsidiary Marico Bangladesh ltd which produces and sells branded coconut oil under the brand name Parachute. It is also present in the soaps segment through the acquisition of Camelia and Aromatic in the year 2005. In South Africa it acquired Enalini Pharmaceuticals consumer division pty. Ltd in Nov 2007. It has 3 brands in its portfolio which face competition from the local brands such as Amka and MNC brands of Unilever and Loreal. In Egypt they acquired brands like Hair Code and Fiancee in 2007. Where Fiancee is the market leader and Hair Code has the 2nd position in the category of creams and gels. The company uses Egypt as its manufacturing hub to service North African markets such as Morocco, Sudan, Libiya and the Middle East region. Data for FI-2010 KAYA- Maricos presence in Indian beauty care segment Kaya Ltd, which was earlier Kaya Skin care limited was Maricos big leap from consumer products to providing holistic solutions and moving into the service space. With the rise in the disposable income amongst the youth and propensity to spend, kaya limited wanted to focus on meeting the emerging needs of the modern day consumers by providing useful and effective services in the beauty and wellness space. In a short span of 8 years, Kaya has grown at an unprecedented pace, with over 100 clinics in India, Middle East and Bangladesh. Out of a total of 101 clinics, they have 13 centres in the Middle East, 1 in Dhaka and 87 spread across the country. This was the strength of their clinics by 2009. In 2010, they acquired Derma Rx, a Singapore based Wellness Company to give a fillip to the wellness business. Kaya Ltd, has also been a steady contributor to the revenues of IBG and is part of the continuous focus on the services aspect of the beauty care business that Marico ltd wants to be a big part of. Maricos global foray Maricos Strategy in South Africa Marico entered the South African market on 31st Oct 2007. The firm acquired the consumer division of Enalini Pharmaceuticals, Enalini Pharmaceuticals Consumer Division PTY LTD (EPCD) through a competitive bidding process. Enalini Pharmaceuticals is a Durban based hair care company for around Rs. 52 crore. At that time the companys annual turnover was Rs. 53 crore and was present across segments such as hair relaxers, after care hair care and hair conditioners. For Marico this was an opportunity to partake in the fast growing market in South Africa. EPCD had 3 leading brands Caivil in premium segment, Black chic in value for money health care and Hercules in OTC health care. Harsh Mariwala said It helps us extend the Marico footprint to a new geography with potential, thus taking us a step further towards becoming a global player in beauty and wellness On 13th August 2010 Marico Ltd acquired over-the-counter health care brand IngweÂÂ ´ from Guideline Trading CC, South Africa, for an undisclosed sum. Ingwe has a turnover of Rs15 crore. This is Maricos second acquisition in South Africa and the 7th globally. It (Ingwe) complements the Hercules range. I am confident this acquisition will strengthen our distribution reachand step up our growth momentum, John Mason, managing director, Marico, South Africa, said in a statement. Maricos South African business recorded a 34% growth in the financial year 2010, now the overall size of the business is Rs63.80 Crore. The Indian consumer goods companies, are facing rising competition at home, and are looking at the African market as an opportunity, where there is rising demand which will boost growth. Egypt Maricos Egypt journey began in 2006, by acquiring the Brand Fiancee which operates in the 3 segments gels, cream and cream-gels. Cream-gels contributed to almost 70% of its business, and it was considered as a pioneer in this market. The major products which came under Maricos fold through this acquisition were Fiancee Hairfood cream, Fiancee 2*1cream gels and a few more. In quick succession by January 2007, Marico acquired a leading hair care brand Hair Code along with its manufacturing facility. It has a highly successful hair gel brand under its wing, which has more than 50% market share. This acquisition really propelled Hair Codes business in the region, with its integration with Maricos strength and expertise in this segment. Immediate analysis shows that mar

thomas cole Essay -- essays research papers fc

Thomas Cole Painting landscapes was very important during the 19th century. Thomas Cole was one of the most important figures in landscape painting in the United States. He went to many places searching for nature, which he painted to show the unmatchable beauty nature creates. His works of art helped people see and take pride in their great land, which was called America. Cole’s works were often made people feel like they needed to go out in nature and discover the inspiring world of mother earth. Thomas Cole, born on February 1, 1801 in Lancashire, England, found himself at fourteen working as a textile printer and wood engraver in Philadelphia Pennsylvania. Cole returned to his parents in 1819 in Ohio; this is were he learned how to oil paint and how to use different kinds of oil painting techniques under the supervision of a portrait painter, Stein. Cole was very impressed and impacted by the landscapes of the â€Å"new world† and how magnificent they were compared to where he came from, which was England. Cole found that art came naturally to him and eventually taught himself how to observe nature and still life. He started by illustrating American trees, plants, animals, and even Native Americans. With his sketches of nature he made several different paintings including his famous â€Å"The Course of Empire†, â€Å"The wood chopper†, and â€Å"The Oxbow.† In early 1826, Thomas Cole was most famous for being the creator of the National Academy of Design. As the founder, Cole was urged by fans to paint American scenery, but Cole desired to create a landscape painting that could express moral and religious meanings. He painted and painted and then in 1836 he married and settled in Catskill, New York to Maria Bartow. In Catskill he made a beautiful landscape painting of the Catskill Mountains and Hudson River. He is said to have made a big impact on artists like Frederick Church and Albert Bierstadt. Sadly, Cole died early of a disease on February 11, 1848. But his life wasn’t fruitless, he helped lead the first school of landscape called the Hudson River School into the making; were many more leading artists came. Thomas Dougherty, Asher Brown Durand, Albert Bierstadt, and others came from the Hudson River School and they all became romantic realists and painted about the American country sides. These realists joined detail panoramic images with moral insights, which ... ...ce with some trees shot out on the nearside of the painting. The image is painted as if the viewers are taken in a moment of time. The artist can’t be seen at a first glance because he is greatly tiny in the picture, but he is in the image. It seems that Cole tries to get the viewer to see beyond their field of vision to see nature’s colors, lights, and artistry. The storm can be seen as humans who will eventually wipeout the wild and replace it with its own possessions. Thomas Cole is one of the best realists out there. He made Americans and non-Americans see beauty in nature, opportunities, possibilities, and a future in America. He didn’t only inspire a nation, but he also inspired many artists to reach their goals in the art world. Cole was a brilliant, talented artist, and did a mighty fine job in effecting the art world. Works Cited The Hudson River School: American Landscape Artists. New York: Smithmark Publishers, 1996. http://faculty.evansville.edu/ Lucie-Smith, Edward. American Realism. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1994. Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. Rev. ed. Vol.2. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1995. 973-974. Yaeger, Bert D.

Comparing George Eliot’s Adam Bede and Christina Rossetti’s Goblin Mark

Comparing George Eliot’s Adam Bede and Christina Rossetti’s Goblin Market George Eliot’s Adam Bede offers a realistic and highly detailed look into the everyday life of ordinary people in rural Treddleston. Although the characters are fictional, several of them are based upon people Eliot knew or knew of, which adds to the realism. As she delightedly observes and describes the intricacies of the natural, ordinary world, Eliot pays attention to human nature, applying keen psychological insight to characters’ thoughts, choices, and actions. Eliot seems to understand that certain people are a certain way, and she encourages her reader to gently evaluate, rather than hastily judge, both her characters and people in general. Within the novel, Hetty’s infatuation with Arthur, and the personal shame, social ostracism, and legal punishment she experiences as a result, require an extra dose of empathy and understanding. Eliot demonstrates the characteristics that render Hetty liable to a fall and shows, using Dinah as a contrasting example , how the stereotypical perception of the â€Å"fallen woman† needs to be adjusted in order to allow for human weaknesses and mistakes. Christina Rossetti also provides an insightful look into the problem of the â€Å"fallen woman,† and of the perception of this kind of woman, in Goblin Market. Unlike Eliot, who uses realistic characterization and carefully detailed prose, Rossetti relates her views through fantastical characters and highly energized poetry. Although they work within different genres, however, Eliot and Rossetti both challenge the stereotypical understanding of what it means for a woman to be â€Å"innocent† or â€Å"experienced.† Through the contrasting natures of sisters Laura and Lizzie,... ...eaders to challenge their own notions of what is and is not acceptable, and to have compassion on those who, for reasons not always easy to control, have made poor choices. Eliot and Rossetti both seem to realize a paradox of femininity: women must be kept innocent and protected from certain types of knowledge, but if they are not made aware of this knowledge, they may be prone to making foolish choices that cannot be undone. Eliot’s telling of Hetty’s story is like Laura passing on her story to her daughters: they aim to educate women so that they might learn from others’ mistakes. Works Cited Eliot, George. Adam Bede. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Rossetti, Christina. â€Å"Goblin Market.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Victorian Age. Ed. M. H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. 7th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. Comparing George Eliot’s Adam Bede and Christina Rossetti’s Goblin Mark Comparing George Eliot’s Adam Bede and Christina Rossetti’s Goblin Market George Eliot’s Adam Bede offers a realistic and highly detailed look into the everyday life of ordinary people in rural Treddleston. Although the characters are fictional, several of them are based upon people Eliot knew or knew of, which adds to the realism. As she delightedly observes and describes the intricacies of the natural, ordinary world, Eliot pays attention to human nature, applying keen psychological insight to characters’ thoughts, choices, and actions. Eliot seems to understand that certain people are a certain way, and she encourages her reader to gently evaluate, rather than hastily judge, both her characters and people in general. Within the novel, Hetty’s infatuation with Arthur, and the personal shame, social ostracism, and legal punishment she experiences as a result, require an extra dose of empathy and understanding. Eliot demonstrates the characteristics that render Hetty liable to a fall and shows, using Dinah as a contrasting example , how the stereotypical perception of the â€Å"fallen woman† needs to be adjusted in order to allow for human weaknesses and mistakes. Christina Rossetti also provides an insightful look into the problem of the â€Å"fallen woman,† and of the perception of this kind of woman, in Goblin Market. Unlike Eliot, who uses realistic characterization and carefully detailed prose, Rossetti relates her views through fantastical characters and highly energized poetry. Although they work within different genres, however, Eliot and Rossetti both challenge the stereotypical understanding of what it means for a woman to be â€Å"innocent† or â€Å"experienced.† Through the contrasting natures of sisters Laura and Lizzie,... ...eaders to challenge their own notions of what is and is not acceptable, and to have compassion on those who, for reasons not always easy to control, have made poor choices. Eliot and Rossetti both seem to realize a paradox of femininity: women must be kept innocent and protected from certain types of knowledge, but if they are not made aware of this knowledge, they may be prone to making foolish choices that cannot be undone. Eliot’s telling of Hetty’s story is like Laura passing on her story to her daughters: they aim to educate women so that they might learn from others’ mistakes. Works Cited Eliot, George. Adam Bede. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Rossetti, Christina. â€Å"Goblin Market.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Victorian Age. Ed. M. H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. 7th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000.

Locate Examples for 8 of the 15 Logical Fallacies Discussed in This Lesson in Your “Dialogues: an Argument Rhetoric and Reader, ” 4th Ed., by Goshgarian, Krueger, and Minc

Composition 2 GE 127 Week 2 minor assignment December 28, 2011 Locate examples for 8 of the 15 logical fallacies discussed in this lesson in your â€Å"Dialogues: An Argument Rhetoric and Reader,† 4th Ed. , by Goshgarian, Krueger, and Minc 1. Ad hominem; An Ad hominem argument is a Latin phrase that attacks the man instead of the argument. Example: You are so stupid your argument couldn't possibly be true. Logical Fallacies or Fallacies in Argumentation retrieved on Jan. 1, 2011 from http://carm. org/logical-fallacies-or-fallacies-argumentation 2. Begging the question is assuming some to be true that you cannot prove – similar to circular reasoning. Example: I think he is unattractive because he is ugly. Beg the question retrieved on Dec. 28, 2011 from http://begthequestion. info/ 3. slippery slope: Presumes a change in procedure, law, or action, will result in adverse consequences. Example: If we allow doctor assisted suicide, then eventually the government will control how we die. List of common fallacies 1997 retrieved on December 28, 2011 from http://nobeliefs. om/fallacies. htm 4. Circular Reasoning Also known as the fallacy of redundancy, begging the question, or tautology, this is when the conclusion or claim is merely a restatement of one of the premises. Christian apologetics is filled with tautologies: Example: Is there a God? Yes. How do you know? Because the Bible says so. How do you know the Bible is correct? Because it was inspired by God. In other words, God is because God is.. How Thinking Goes Wrong ret rieved on Dec. 28, 2011 from http://www. ositiveatheism. org/writ/sherm3. htm 5. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc, or after this, therefore because of this. This fallacy assumes that because one event occurs just prior to another, the first event caused the second. Example: In one recent case, an operations group asked for help solving a problem with the disruption of the flow of one ingredient in a process. The group felt the problem was caused by a rise in the viscosity of another ingredient. Although logic indicated the iscosity of one material had no impact on the flow of the other, the sequence of events led the group to the fallacious conclusion that it did. The key to avoiding this fallacy is the old adage, â€Å"Don't jump to conclusions. † LexisNexis Academics retrieved on Dec. 28, 2011 from http://www. lexisnexis. com. proxy. itt-tech. edu/hottopics/lnacademic/? verb=sr;csi=8406;sr=lni%283VB5-28H0-00H1-023M%29 6. Red Herring Red Herring is when you attempt to confuse the audience by introducing a topic that has nothing to do with the situation at hand. Example, I know your car isn't working right. But, if you had gone to the store one day earlier, you'd not be having this problem. Logical Fallacies or Fallacies in Argumentation retrieved on Jan. 1, 2011 from http://carm. org/logical-fallacies-or-fallacies-argumentation 7. Ad Populum Argument: An argument aimed at appealing to the majority. Example: â€Å"Man could alleviate his misery by marriage. This close companionship enhances the joys of one and mitigated the sorrow of the other, and anyone knew God always provided for married people. Lee Emily Pearson, Elizabethans at Home, (Stanford Univ. Pr. ), 289. Philosophy. Lander. edu retrieved on Jan. 1, 2012 from http://philosophy. lander. edu/logic/popular. html 8. The Bandwagon Appeal. This is committed when someone user irrelevant arguments based on popularity to make a point and is widely used in advertisements, Example: Everyone is selfish; everyone is doing what he believes will make himself happier Harry Browne, â€Å"The Un selfishness Trap† retrieved on Jan. 1, 2012 from How I Found Freedom in an Unfree World (1973).

The Tyra Banks Show and Diversity in the Media

Among the most popular among current TV programs is the Tyra Banks Show which is taped live in front of a live audience in New York. The show, which lasts for an hour and is aired in syndication by Warner Bros., debuted in September 2005. Currently running in its third season, the Emmy Award-winning show has aired over 357 episodes and is set to run for at least two more seasons.(www.wikipedia.com) The Tyra Banks Show is a talk-show fashioned after Oprah Winfrey’s Oprah, which banks on its anchor/creator’s celebrity and fame to draw viewers. The show itself is named after the celebrity who lends credibility and ensures a captive audience from the ranks of millions of adoring fans. The show’s main target, however, are women or specifically, young African-American women who can easily identify with or who wish to emulate its host, Tyra Banks. As a talk-show, the Tyra Banks Show is packaged by its producers to provide an equal dose of information and entertainment to its audience, covering a wide variety of topics from beauty to women’s issues and concerns. Among the notable episodes, however, are the ones where the former supermodel goes on undercover missions to reveal to the viewers the experiences of women in vulnerable situations from Tyra’s own first hand accounts (e.g. women who suffer from weight discrimination, women in prison, and women working in strip clubs). The show also tackles the issue of racial discrimination.(www.tyrashow.com) Interestingly, the Tyra Banks’ success is resoundingly similar to Oprah Winfrey’s own success as a celebrity-host due to the fact that each episode of her TV show puts her in unique situations. For instance, Tyra is made to put on heaps of prosthetics to become a 350-pound woman so she can feel how it feels to be discriminated against because of her weight. She also spent a day in prison to better understand the reasons of women’s incarceration. Clearly, the Tyra Banks Show is an attempt at addressing the diversity in American culture and identity. It was created to provide women, especially African-American women, in response to the growth of the African American population which was seen by advertisers as a â€Å"profitable base for sustaining minority media.† (Dickson 2) Consequently, there has been an observable increase not only in the number of African-American actors, actresses, and TV hosts as the demand for African American-oriented television programs have risen. Undeniably, Tyra’s success in breaking through the male-dominated Hollywood talk show industry is a feat in itself and her being African-American at the same time makes it even more tempting to view her as the epitome of empowerment. Her success in The Tyra Banks Show parallels her success as a runway model at a time when White was the ultimate symbol of beauty and the public was reluctant to widen its standards. Tyra Banks is therefore the perfect representation of a woman who broke through stereotypes, which adds gravity to her capacity and credibility to discuss issues and problems that women and African-American populations confront. However, Tyra’s own identity as a media-invented stereotype of beauty for African-Americans (waif-thin, tall, flawless skin, perfect white teeth) has the ability to contradict the causes she supports.   Tyra’s background as a supermodel, coupled with segments in the show featuring beauty tips and â€Å"Tailored by Tyra makeovers† also negate her advocacy for a beauty ideal that goes beyond physical appearance. Nevertheless, the Tyra Banks show fosters a better understanding of diversity and multi-culturalism. Despite its limitations, its success is a revealing indication that African-American representation is slowly but surely gaining ground in the mainstream media. The show is also a reflection on the lives and culture of African-American communities, which makes it an important source of knowledge for understanding and appreciating the diversity in American society. Works Cited: Dickson, J. (2006). The representation of African-American women in television advertisements. McNair Scholars’ Journal, 1: 1-12. The Tyra Banks Show website accessed on 03/15/2008 from Wikipedia.com accessed on 03/15/2008 from      

Nature vs. Nurture Essay

Over recent years the nature vs. nurture debate has been extensively discussed and researched. Should human characteristics such as intelligence, personality, behavior and ability be attributed to our genetics or our environment? One problem with this is how to pin a trait down to either an inherited or learned characteristic, or perhaps itÂ’s both. Are we to blame for our behavior or is inevitable due to our genetics? This question and others seems to be part of the controversy over the subject. Also, these questions play a factor in how to change and adapt behavior. Different techniques would be more effective depending on the cause of a particular behavior or characteristic. When analyzing the causes of behavior problems in children the question of nature vs. nurture is a legitimate question. One recent study conducted by the University of Virginia and several others including one in Australia studied 1,045 twins and their 2,051 children. Some of the parents were identical twins with others being fraternal. This affected the amount of genes that were shared among the siblings. Participants were twins from a volunteer twin registry and information was gathered through a series of phone interviews beginning in 1993 and ending in 2003. The study discovered that spousal fighting wasnÂ’t to blame for behavioral problems in their children. Rather, it was the genes that influenced how often they argued with spouses. These genes when passed to their children caused more conduct problems. The conclusion of the study was that in family therapy, more focus on the child rather than the parents would be more effective (Society for Research in Child Development, 2007). This conclusion supports the theory that it is nature or our genetics that influence this particular behavior. On the other end of the spectrum another study involved observing children in different childcare settings. Researchers from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development studied the children beginning in 1991 from the age of one month until they were school age. These 1,364 participants were selected at birth and were studied through phone and personal interviews at three month intervals. The childrenÂ’s cognitive and social functioning was measured at certain intervals and followed up to the  children on sixth grade. It was concluded that center based care yielded more aggression and disobedience than other types of childcare, with the quality of childcare was also found to be a factor (Society for Research in Child Development, 2007). This conclusion supports the theory that it is nurture or our environment that influences this particular behavior and the type of care children receive is an important factor in a childÂ’s development. Both of these studies posed the question of whether the cause of a particular problem, this one being behavioral issues, is genetic or ones environment. Both of these studies looked exclusively at one cause or the other with little being discussed about the other possibilities. The differences in the studies was the length of time given to each study with the genetic study being short term and the childcare study involving observations over a period of time. Another difference is the twin study looked at parents of a specific group, that being twins. The child care study looked at the children of many different types of parents. While both of these studies have their merits, neither study was able to conclusively determine the cause of behavioral problems observed as being attributed solely to genetics or the environment. The question of which one plays a greater role will likely continue to be asked. Hopefully this leads to more research and answers that will further our understanding of human behavior. References Society for Research in Child Development (2007, March 26). Center-based Care Yields More Behavior Problems; In Other Types Of Care, Problems Short-lived. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 31, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com ¬ /releases/2007/03/070326095340.htm. Society for Research in Child Development (2007, February 7). Parents’ Genes, Not Parents’ Arguing, May Cause Children’s Conduct Problems. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 31, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com ¬ /releases/2007/02/070207090943.htm.

Gender Equality In Education

All over the world, education is not only acknowledged to benefit individuals but as well recognized to promote national development. Education expands the life choices and opportunity for both boys and girls; nevertheless, approximately 60 million girls continue to be out of school (â€Å"Gender Equality in Education†). Several government and non-government organization have been continually working to eliminate the disparity between boys and girls by identifying gender-related barriers, evaluating the extent of education disadvantage that the latter confront, and implementing systems to overcome and remove the aforesaid impediments.Basically, ensuring gender equality in education suggests that boys and girls have equal opportunities to enroll and access school, as well as to benefit from, and participate in the array of subjects or other learning practices presented in schools and classrooms. Effective Strategies for Equality In Education An effective approach for educating boys and girls requires incorporating attention to enrollment and admission, in addition to achievement and excellence.Through gender-sensitive teaching-learning methods, learning materials, and curricula, boys and girls in the same way become prepared with the attitudes and life skills needed to achieve their definitive skill, within and beyond the educational system, irrespective of their sex (â€Å"Promoting Gender Equality in Education† 2). Unfortunately, in developing countries, girls generally come up against textbooks, teaching practices, and other school materials that endorse gender stereotypes that are disadvantageous to their educational success.In addition, unsafe school environment creates difficulties to the completion of education, more especially to girls. Keeping girls in schools necessitates donors, policymakers, educators, community members, and parents to look further than enrollment and deal with bigger, related issues. For instance, poor families normall y have to choose between educating their daughters or sons, and more often than not parents routinely prefer to educate their sons.Evidently, decisions are normally not be anchored in the natural skills, aptitudes, or the enthusiasm levels of their children. However, the prearranged gender responsibilities may not automatically benefit boys either, and may even be detrimental to them. Young age boys may experience a profound responsibility to academically perform in order to meet their families’ expectations to be successful. Consequences of Gender Equality In EducationExceptionally numerous children, particularly those form poor families and living in remote or rural areas, constantly needs quality learning opportunities, such as access to a sheltered, nearby school. Child soldiers, trafficked children, orphaned children, displaced children, refugee children, street children, indigenous children, working children, as well as those who are living in conflict areas, and physic ally challenged are not receiving an adequate education (â€Å"Education From A Gender Equality Perspective† 6).Even more unfortunate, being female aggravates an already problematical situation. In many developing countries, girls are less encouraged than boys to stay in school, enroll in school, or less expected to have their educational requirements provided using non-formal approaches (â€Å"Education From A Gender Equality Perspective† 6). Evidently, the most excellent, available development investment is not being totally exploited by these nations. Educating girls takes in significant outcomes.Educating girls to a certain extent generates a higher rate of return than any other investment presented in the developing world. When girls are provided with access to a rights-based, quality education, they have a tendency to postpone marriage, boast healthier and fewer children, and throw in more to nation productivity and family income (â€Å"Education From A Gender E quality Perspective† 6). Whether consideration is focused on primary or secondary education, providing and ensuring access to high quality education is essential if nations are to realize their development objectives.Developing countries that fall short of guaranteeing impartial access to basic education are, as a result, affected by distressing consequences, such as the increase in fertility and increase costs, poverty, malnutrition, and child mortality. Worldwide Status of Gender Inequality In Education According to the visionary educator Dr. Kwegyir Aggrey, â€Å"Educating the men and neglecting the women is the most certain approach to keep a population down† (â€Å"Girl Power: Educating Girls in the 21st Century† n. p. ).Accordingly, a nation basically educates a person if it educates a man; however, a nation educates a family if it educates a woman. The good news these days, however, is that over recent decades a record numbers of girls have swarmed into sc hool. Girls have closed the gender gap with boys, and prevailed over considerable development, social, and economic gains for their communities as well as for themselves. In poor countries, in general, girls’ primary school enrollments in 1990 to 2004 soared from 87 percent to 94 percent; with more girls today in secondary school than in any documented period in history (Mercy and Fort).Nevertheless, despite the fact that inequalities in the enrolment rates in primary and secondary education have decreased, they have not been eradicated up until now. At present, more than two-thirds of the estimated 860 million uneducated persons around the world are women (â€Å"Decent childhoods: Educate both girls and boys†). Conclusion Education is a basic human right, and children regardless of sex, color, nationality and religion are entitled to it. Education is significant to the development of people and societies, as it helps bring about a productive and successful future.For the millions of illiterate children, admission to education is the pathway to an improved life. Moreover, educating girls leads the way for more extensive changes in the work places, societies and families. When governments guarantee access to a rights-based, quality education that is founded on gender equality to their young citizens, it generates a wave effect of benefits that clearly affect future generations. Works Cited â€Å"Decent childhoods: Educate both girls and boys. † June 2008.International Labour Organization. 4 March 2009 . â€Å"Education From A Gender Equality Perspective. † May 2008. USAID. 4 March 2009 . â€Å"Gender Equality in Education. † 20 April 2009. USAID. 4 March 2009 . â€Å"Girl Power: Educating Girls in the 21st Century. † 5 March 2009.The World Bank. 4 March 2009 . â€Å"Promoting Gender Equality in Education. † n. d. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 4 March 2009 . Tembon, Mercy, and L ucia Fort. n. d. â€Å"Girl’s Education in the 21st Century. † The World Bank. 4 March 2009

Relationship Marketing Ryanair

Ryanair was established in the year 1985 by the RYAN family and has grown from a small airline flying a short hop from Waterford to London, into one of the Europe’s largest carriers. The company expanded and within 4 years it had 350 employees, 14 aircraft, and carried 600,000 passengers a year. It is currently serving to 26 European Countries with 148 destinations. It operates on 794 different routes daily serving by more than 1050 flights in a day. It has totally 169 aircrafts running for different routes with 5986number of employees working in it However, Ryanair’s costs rose drastically and it recorded losses of  £20 Million sover four years despite its growth. Although consumers were continuing to fly Ryanair due to its low costs, some type of change was needed in order to revamp the company. Under a new management team, a major overhaul of the airline was undertaken in 1990/91 and it was relaunched as the first of the new breed of ‘Low Frees/no Frills’(Scribd.com(2009)) Company Perspectives: Ryanair is Europe's prominent Low Fares Airline: In 2011 we expect to carry over 6 million passengers across 34 routes. Ryanair have recently added 7 new European routes to our ever expanding network. It is market leader on every course where it competes with Air Lines. Ryanair is convinced that Europe's high-cost and often state-subsidised airlines will be no match for its low cost, no frills formula. Ryanair set to grow by 25% each year, and a US $2 billion order for 45 new aircraft in place, millions of European air travellers will feel the `Ryanair effect' in the years ahead. Literature review: Methodology Validated the dynamic nature of the aviation sector and in particular the evolve nature of ( low cost carrier) LCCs and airport networks this paper can only provide a snap shot at a personal point in time. In their contact with airline operator, airports need transparency and stability involved Ryanair, in the face of severe rivalry from other airports in mainland Europe by submission them a financial package comprising summary landing and handling charge, marketing of the airlines services, office space, pilot place, in addition to payment for employment and education. The issue was therefore one of clearness with the financial incentive seen as a twist of the air transport market. It would come out to be that all â€Å"start-up† deals must be apparent and fair, it may be that in private owned airports maybe more signal to LCCs than those which are publicly own. Benefits to local economy Some publicly own airports have selected to draw LCC with preferential deals in order to challenge to take benefits to the local economy. Whilst such profit may accrue, it can be complex to predict/quantify. For example, the owner of an airport in Southern Europe and the local tourist influence worked together in submission a package of concessions in order to draw a LCC to the airport with the intension of attract tourists to the local economy. As such, the airport paid aeronautical charges, provide a bus link to the town centre and made a financial involvement to advertising the service. It was establish that passengers were with the airport as a transit point on their outside access journey to their holiday objective, leaving only secondary benefit to the local economy and little or no advantage to the airport The 7 P’s of Ryan air marketing: Ryan air is the European low cost airline. Low cost or no frills marketing strategy are of great interest to marketers since the marketing mix employed tends to run in opposition to what makes a large brand – and Ryan air is a great brand and a very popular business. In 2009 the company solve for 30% of its local Irish rival Air Lings after a prolonged takeover bid. Difficult trading disorder meant that Ryanair made its first annual loss in 2008/9. O'Leary put this down secure to rising fuel costs (as did British Airways in the same year). The company also necessary to take into account the burden of purchase its stake in Air Lines. So in reality object are looking good for Ryanair and its budget operation – since the business aimed to fly double the amount of passengers. Ryan air’s marketing mix:- Product or Service. Ryanair has low fares. Low cost, no frills air travel to European destinations. There is no free food or drink onboard. Food and drink are income streams. You buy them onboard, or you do not – take your own food and drink if you like. There are other income streams – or ancillary revenue. The company has bargain with Hertz car rental, and a number of hotel businesses. So Ryanair takes a commission on ‘up selling' i.e. ancillary revenue. Other examples include phone cards and bus tickets. About 16% of profit is made this way. This keeps costs lower. Price 70% of seats are sold at the lowest two fares.30% of seats are charged at higher fares. The last 6% are sold at the highest fare Ryanair sometimes get in trouble with bodies such as the Advertising Standard Authority (ASA) in the UK over differences between advertised and actual price – in fairness to Ryanair these are rare mistakes. Place Ryanair does not use travel agent so it does not pay agency commission. It uses directs marketing technique to recruit and retain customers, and to extend products and services to them (i.e. Customer Relationship Management). This reduces costs. You book online over the Internet. This saves them 15% on agency fees. They are base in Stan stead in Essex – which is known as a secondary airport. It is cheaper to fly from Stan stead than either Heathrow or Gatwick, and since it is less occupied Ryanair can turn aircraft around more alert. Many of Ryanair's destination airports are secondary. For example if you fly to Copenhagen (Denmark) you begin in Malmo (Sweden) – although it is only a short coach trip over the border. Secondary airports .depend upon this single carrier – some (it is rumoured) paying up to  £100, 000 for each extra new route. Costs are lower and aircraft can be turned around faster. Promotion Ryanair employ controversy to promote its business. For example in 2009, the company justification that passengers would be charged  £1 to use the toilets on board. O'Leary reasoned that passengers could use the dying at either the destination or arrival airport. This would rapidity things up. Some of their aircraft are decorated in the uniform of advertisers e.g. News of the World, Jaguar and Kilkenny (beer). People Pilots are recruiting when they are young as pilot cadets. They work hard and take early promotion and then move on after 10-years or so to further their careers. Cabin crew pay for their uniform to be clean. They invest in their own training. They are mainly important for passenger safety as well as ancillary revenue onboard. Physical Evidence They pay as little as likely for their aircraft. Plane are the most expensive asset that an airline can make. They get big discount on aircraft because they buy them when other airlines don't want them, for example after September 11th, or on the spoiling of Iraq and Afghanistan. Aircraft manufacturer cannot simply end a supply chain in minutes. If orders are being cancel or delayed, this is when to buy. It was rumoured within the industry that Ryanair was buying Boeing 737s – list price around  £40,000,000 (forty million pounds) – with up to a 50% discount. Process There is no check in. You easily show your passport and supply your reference number. Beyond any distrust, Ryanair is one of the strategic marketing successes of the last decade. Certainly synergized by Michael O'Leary – the low cost strategy that it employ is unusual and industry changing. In many ways the business has looked intimately at all appearance of it markets and operations to remould the industry and customer expectations in a unique way. The determination here in this post was to introduce a company and its assorted strategies for long run business success. Much of these marketing strategies illustrates are very much Ryan air relationships with customers. Customer Affairs & Service Audit (CASA), are two teams that have been set up by the company to track customer satisfaction and complaints. which are recent additions to network of regional offices in UK/Europe. They have covered areas globally and in doing so they have already reviewed an improvement by 50 % when it comes to dealing with customer complaints as they are being dealt with quickly and in local areas to customers. The service audit team check products and services on regular basis for improvements and for assistance in ensuring success they also have a team of mystery shoppers who will report back any suggestions and changes from a customer point of view. Internal and external checks are carried out all departments from customer services to flight staff. All reports are then reviewed and changes are implemented to ensure customers are receiving a high standard of service and communication with the company. Government Technology Interest Rates Culture Exchange Rates Ryanair has been successful in maintain its rapport and relations with customers and different areas of their services such in flight entertainment, food, tourism and overall services. It also been seen that Ryanair has had some problems in customer relations in reference to airport services as they have received complaints with the method airport staff have treat customers with complaints. Though this has been effectively dealt with by internal departments it still highlights problems that are having with external staff. Emirates can implement a training session that is more focused on them to certify that there processes are getting executed in accordance to what the customer first experiences whilst booking online or through an Ryanair Airline. Ryanair Customer Loyalty â€Å"It offers a comprehensive range of CRM and loyalty solutions† It launched several programmes where they had different levels of rewards schemes for both business flyers and annually holiday flyers. The miles collected can be spent in hotels, high street shops, car rental etc .Schemes for those travelling on Ryanair flights were the miles can be used for in-flight services such as games, special meals were also been introduced. This form of loyalty scheme for existing customers can also be a very attractive way of new customer retention as in the long term they will have benefits firm that they spend today. Their loyalty scheme also targets customers from their other sister companies as it isn’t only exclusive to flyers but also to those that consume other services and products from Ryanair Group They offer competitive loyalty schemes for users and update their schemes as they view the changes in the market place. Customer segmentation The evidence is irrefutable. With marketing budgets person squeezed, marketers see improved targeting as critical. That means improved customer segmentation bas on the ability to score customers’ tendency to buy, churn or default – and react accordingly, at speed. Armed with better customer perceptiveness (such as predictive analytics, uplift modelling and data visualization) you can start to engage customers based on deeper and more significant insights, creating system based dynamic customer segments – a segment of one. The latest customer segmentation solutions are intelligent. They are not finite. They are not static. They are based on sound data management values and fed by a faithful stream of information that reflects changes in customer aspirations and circumstances. It means that campaign can be managed dynamically, in real-time to communicate with customers at what we call ‘moments of truth’ – those seminal mome nts when people are most engaged with the brand.