War on Iraq article in high school newspaper :: essays research papers

At 7:12PM on Wednesday, March19, 2003, President Bush authorized a full-scale war on Iraq and the Saddam Hussein led regime by uttering just two simple words. â€Å"Let’s go,† President George W. Bush said to Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfield Wednesday at the close of a nearly four-hour meeting in the Oval Office. The war on Iraq, which has been given the title â€Å"Operation: Iraqi Freedom†, is the result of months of Hussein’s refusal to let United Nations weapons inspectors into Iraq. The U.N. suspects that Hussein has been building and harboring â€Å"weapons of mass destruction† into Iraq. This problem goes as far back as the early ‘90’s when former President Bush initiated the Gulf War on account of very similar issues. Aside from not letting U.N. inspectors into Iraq, Hussein has been a brutal dictator towards his own people for the better part of a decade. President Bush says that one of the main objectives of winning this wa r is to completely rebuild Iraq and make it a safe place for people to live. To do this, the American troops must take Hussein out of power. The beginning of the war was preceded by a forty-eight hour period that President Bush had given Hussein for a chance to comply with the U.N. and avoid war. President Bush’s final attempts at peace were not accepted and he began what the Pentagon is calling a â€Å"decapitation attack†. More than forty satellite-guided Tomahawk cruise missiles were fired from U.S. warships in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. In the days soon afterward, American troops advanced into Iraq and launched a head-on attack towards Iraq’s capital city of Baghdad. Iraqi officials reported that only in the first two days of these attacks, that seventy-two missiles had hit Baghdad, killing four Iraqi officials. Another school year is coming to a close, as is a chapter in the senior class of 2003’s lives. As the excitement escalades and the dream of leaving high school is becoming more and more of a reality, the seniors are realizing that their senior year is different from previous senior classes. They are graduating during a time of war, a time that could possibly be on of the biggest events in their lives. They will all be affected by it, some of them might be in it, and none of them will forget it. â€Å"I will remember this senior year, and time of war, as I have remembered a specific passage from the book of Ezekial.

Teen Pregnancy and Ways to Prevent It

Teen pregnancy is an important issue all over the country. This is an ongoing problem that must be dealt with. Teenage pregnancy can ruin a teen’s life and also the life of an infant. In this paper I will discuss the many aspects of teenage pregnancy and how it affects the life of a teenager. Each year in the US almost 1 million teens become pregnant. While the facts are clear, the issues of teenage pregnancy are complicated. Talk of sex is everywhere in our society and young girls are portrayed as sex objects. Sex is used to sell everything from clothing to news and yet people are shocked at the rising number of teenagers who are sexually active. The concern about the welfare of infants and adolescents is so much that we must move beyond the denial and distinguish effective solutions that require us to come to a solution. Nowadays it is becoming more familiar to a teenager to be engaged in sexual activities. They have unprotected sex and have multiple partners. Today’s society is more open about the subject of sex than ever before. It is all over the television, the internet, and even on the radio and in music videos. It is all over the media and therefore teens believe it is ok to be promiscuous and do not think about the consequences they could face with an unexpected pregnancy and how much it will change their lives forever. Even though the best way to prevent a pregnancy is to be abstinent, there are many teens under a lot of pressure to have sex and engage in it quite frequently. Many seek the love and affection that they normally do not get at home and they usually find it in the form of sex with whomever they can get the attention from. They usually have a poor home life or low self esteem and may just be looking for love and acceptance in the form of sex to feel loved. Teenagers need encouragement to abstain from sex all together and they need to be given more information on the prevention of pregnancy if they are to become sexually active. Teens need to constantly hear strong messages about being responsible if they decide to engage in sexual activity. Parents should be the primary givers of these messages to guide them in the right direction. If teens are given positive life options then they are given hope for their futures as well as the motivation to avoid early pregnancies. Teen pregnancy has been an issue for many years. Even with all of the education on the subject it is still an issue that continues to be on the rise. There are lots of parents that don’t sit down and talk openly with their kids about sex and all of the consequences of their actions if faced with a pregnancy. Some teens don’t have the parental guidance they need to make the right choices, either because of single parent households that the parent works so much and does not have the time or can pay as much attention to them as the teen may like or parents that just plain don’t care what their kids are doing. Some of these kids go looking for love in all the wrong places and just want to fit in anywhere they can. They don’t think of the consequences if they are making bad choices. The best way to prevent teen pregnancies is to not only teach them about abstinence but also to inform them about the risks they could face if they chose to have unprotected sex or any kind of sex at all. They should be taught all of their options about being safe if they chose to make the decision to have sex. Some of these teachings should include what protected sex is and how it not only prevents them from an unwanted pregnancy but also from STD’s. Teen pregnancy rates in the United States have jumped for the first time in more than a decade and a campaign mandated by the government to reduce the issue is faltering (Stein, 2010). There are lots of political debates on teen pregnancy and the biggest debate is whether or not the federally funded programs on teaching teens abstinence are working or not and several experts blame the increase in teen pregnancies on sex education programs that focus on encouraging abstinence (Stein, 2010), instead of also teaching the use of contraceptives. Critics also argued that the disturbing data of the rise in teen pregnancies were just the latest in a long series of indications that the focus on abstinence programs was a dismal failure (Stein). Abstinence –only programs received more than $100 million in federal funding annually and $50 million in federal funding was given to states that utilized such programs (Medical News Today). James Wagoner, president of Advocates for Youth thinks that abstinence-only programs deny young people life-saving information about condoms and other forms of prevention. They should be taught all of their options about being safe from an unwanted pregnancy and STD’s, because by teaching abstinence only obviously is not working. Teens don’t realize that having a baby is a lot of responsibility financially as well as physically and mentally and they are not fully prepared to take on those responsibilities. So then it either falls in the hands of the teen’s parents or in the taxpayers in the form of welfare. Many teens that get pregnant not only suffer in school or drop out but they also could face other problems such as social or mental problems. Socially teen mothers have very limited social contact or friendships because their friends have moved on in school and with their social lives. The teen mother has little or no time for a social life because all of their time is focused on their child. Another problem they face is because of the lack of social interactions it could lead to depression or some sort of mental anxiety. Teens do have many options if they are faced with an unexpected pregnancy. Many unfortunately have abortions. There is also the option of giving the baby up for adoption; this would be the best option as it gives another family the chance at raising a child that they otherwise could not have of their own. That child may grow up very healthy and happy as opposed to growing up unwanted and possibly in poverty. According to The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists adolescent mothers are significantly less likely to receive a high school diploma than teens that wait to have sex. They are also more likely to live in poverty, receive public assistance, and have long periods of welfare dependency. (The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists). Teen Childbearing in the US costs federal, state, and local taxpayers at least $9. billion annually (Hoffman). Other issues of teen pregnancy is that it can be physically difficult for a teen girl to go through a pregnancy because she is still growing herself and her body may not be able to take the physical demand of being pregnant. They are less likely to seek medical attention such as prenatal care because many are afraid to tell their parents and it could prolong the much needed early prenatal care and if there are problems in the pregnancy, they could have been avoided with early care. Other problems could be that the teen may have been smoking or drinking or doing drugs at the time of conception and those things could be harmful to the baby. In turn if the baby is harmed there will more likely be added medical expenses before during and even after delivery. Some of the most obvious consequences of a teenage pregnancy is that the baby will not receive the adequate support it needs either financially or emotionally because the mother or father has not fully matured and usually has dropped out of school to take a meaningless job that pay minimum wage. Often times the baby will suffer from emotional problems ecause the parent or parents also have emotional problems from not being mature enough to raise a child. Some teenagers feel burdened by the child because they never had the chance to live out their teenage years and many times the child of these parents could feel this resentment. Another negative aspect could be that the children of teenage parents could suffer from neglect because the parent hasn’t matured enough to recognize the need for proper nutrition, or medical care or the child is usually left in the care of others while they go out, regardless of whether that person is trustworthy or not. Children of teenage mothers have significantly higher odds of placement in certain special education classes and significantly higher occurrence of milder education problems, but when maternal education, marital status, poverty level, and race are controlled, the detrimental effects disappear and even some protective effects are observed (Sams). In conclusion a teenager is not fully equipped to care for a child and there could be devastating consequences for that child to be raised by a teenager whether it is because of financial burdens or emotional problems. Teenagers need to be made aware of all of these consequences and what could happen to them if they make the wrong choice of having sex before they are ready. References http://www.articlealley.com/article_479589_17.html

Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois

No two persons have had a greater impact on the black person's right movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth cenury American history more than W. E. Burghardt Du Bois and Booker T. Washington. Both have gained millions of followers in their quest to elevate the black people's place in society with their show of great intelligence and wisdom. Yet, their philosophies and ideas on how that goal can be achieved were as different as the racial differences that separated the whites and the blacks in their time.According to Ellis Washington, author of The Devil Is In the Details: Essays on Law, Race, politics, and Religion, â€Å"If the philosophy of Du Bois and Washington can be reduced to one word it would be rights vs. duty† (Washington, â€Å"Du Bois vs. Washington†, para. 21). Indeed, while Du Bois was a very vocal advocate on the black man's right to an equal treatment as the white man without reservation or apology, Washington espouses more on the idea of ra cial accomodation and gradual acceptance between the two races.This was nowhere more evident than in their respective speeches, â€Å"The Talented Tenth† and â€Å"The Atlanta Compromise†. In â€Å"The Talented Tenth†, Du Bois asserts that only through the cooperation of the best and the brightest of the black people can the general masses be elevated to the standards that they deserve. He argues that for this to happen, black people needed to also be accorded the elite educational training that is given to the white people, saying that â€Å"The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men† (Du Bois).Washington, on the other hand, appeals to the white Americans in a way that was almost pleading and submissive. In his speech at Atlanta in what came to be known as the â€Å"Atlanta Compromise†, he said: Casting down your bucket among my people, helping and encouraging them as you are doing on these grounds, and to educatio n of head, hand, and heart, you will find that they will buy your surplus land, make blossom the waste places in your fields, and run your factories.While doing this, you can be sure in the future, as in the past, that you and your families will be surrounded by the most patient, faithful, law-abiding, and unresentful people the the world has seen (Harlan, 583-587). Such a difference in ideologies, of course, is bound to elicit a reaction from one or both of the leaders, and indeed, Du Bois was the most influential critic of Washington, saying that Washington had encountered the most criticism from his own people, amounting to bitterness, even though generally held in silence (Du Bois, â€Å"Of Mr.Booker T. Washington and Others†). The contest between the two ideologies has long been debated, but the Du Boisian perspective have gained the upper hand, mainly due to the followers of it's leadership paradigm making major contributions to Black communitarian advancement during th e era between the two World Wars, resulting in the eventual demise of Washington's leadership legacy (Kilson, â€Å"Booker T. vs DuBois†). There is no question, though, that whichever became more influential, both will always be a defining force in Black American history.Works Cited Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt. â€Å"Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others. † The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches. Cambridge: University Press John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, USA, 1903. —. â€Å"The Talented Tenth†. The Negro Problem: A Series of Articles by Representative Negroes of To-day. New York: 1903. Harlan, Louis R. , ed. The Booker T. Washington Papers, Vol. 3. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974. 583-587. Kilson, Martin.â€Å"Booker T. vs DuBois: Retrospective on the Washington/DuBoisian Black Leadership Paradigms: Part II. † The Black Commentator: Think Piece. 2 March 2006. 19 December 2007 Washington, Ellis. â€Å"Du Bois vs. Washington: Old Le ssons Black People Have Not Learned. † Issues & Views. 2001. 19 December 2007

A Tree Grows in Brooklyn by Betty Smith Quotes

A Tree Grows in Brooklyn by Betty Smith Quotes A Tree Grows in Brooklyn is a coming-of-age story. Its a tragic and triumphant book about Francie Nolan, as her family struggles with poverty, alcoholism, and the brutal realities of life for an Irish-American family in Brooklyn, New York. Here are a few quotes from ​A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. Everyone said it was a pity that a slight pretty woman like Katie Nolan had to go out scrubbing floors. But what else could she do considering the husband she had, they said.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 1Francie knew that mama was a good woman. She knew. And papa said so. Then why did she like her father better than her mother? Why did she? Papa was no good. He said so himself. But she liked papa better.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 1Before they went to bed, Francie and Neeley had to read a page of the Bible and a page from Shakespeare. That was a rule. Mama used to read the two pages to them each night until they were old enough to read for themselves. To save time, Neeley read the Bible page and Francie read from Shakespeare.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 6Maybe that decision was her great mistake. She should have waited until some man came along who felt that way about her. Then her children would not have gone hungry; she would not hav e had to scrub floors for their living and her memory of him would have remained a tender shining thing. But she wanted Johnny Nolan and no one else and she set out to get him.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 7 Those were the Rommely women: Many, the mother, Evy, Sissy, and Katie, her daughters, and Francie, who would grow up to be a Rommely woman even though her name was Nolan. They were all slender, frail creatures with wondering eyes and soft fluttery voices.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 7they were made out of thin invisible steel.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 7Part of her life was made from the tree growing rankly in the yard. She was the bitter quarrels she had with her brother whom she loved dearly. She was Katies secret, despairing weeping. She was the shame of her father staggering home drunk.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 8She was all of these things and of something more.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 8Oh, God, dont send me any more children or I wont be able to look after Johnny and Ive got to look after Johnny. He cant look after himself.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 9I am going to love this boy more than t he girl but I mustnt ever let her know. It is wrong to love one child more than the other but this is something that I cannot help.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 10 Francie didnt notice that he said my last home instead of our last home.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 14Francie sat on a chair and was surprised that it felt the same as it had in Lorimer Street. She felt different. Why didnt the chair feel different?- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 15Besides, she said to her conscience, its a hard and bitter world. Theyve got to live in it. Let them get hardened young to take care of themselves.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 18She had become accustomed to being lonely. She was used to walking alone and to being considered different. She did not suffer too much.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 20From that time on, the world was hers for the reading. She would never be lonely again, never miss the lack of intimate friends. Books became her friends and there was one for every mood.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 22On the day when she first knew she could read, she made a vow to read one book a day as long as she lived.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 22 In the future, when something comes up, you tell exactly how it happened but write down for yourself the way you think it should have happened. Tell the truth and write the story. Then you wont get mixed up. It was the best advice Francie every got.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 26 Thats what Mary Rommely, her mother had been telling her all those years. Only her mother did not have the one clear word: education!- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 27Growing up spoiled a lot of things.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 28Most women had the one thing in common: they had great pain when they gave birth to their children. This should make a bond that held them all together; it should make them love and protect each other against the man-world. But it was not so. It seemed like their great birth pains shrank their hearts and their souls. They stuck together for only one thing: to trample on some other woman.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 29Shell be my wife, someday, God and she willin.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 33Frances stood numb. There was no feeling of surprise or grief. There was no feeling of anything. What mama just said had no meaning.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 36From now on I am your mothe r and your father.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 37 Francie wished adults would stop telling her that. Already the load of thanks in the future was weighing her down. She figured shed have to spend the best years of her womanhood hunting up people to tell them that they were right and to thank them.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 39Maybe, thought Francie, she doesnt love me as much as she loves Neeley. But she needs me more than she needs him and I guess being needed is almost as good as being loved. Maybe better.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 39And Francie, pausing in her sweeping to listen, tried to put everything together and tried to understand a world spinning in confusion. And it seemed to her that the whole world changed in between the time that Laurie was born and graduation day.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 41This could be a whole life, she thought. You work eight hours a day covering wires to earn money to buy food and to pay for a place to sleep that you can keep living to come back to cover more wires. Some people are born and kept living just to come to this.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 43 May be shed never have more education than she had at that moment. Maybe all her life shed have to cover wires.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 41Were too much alike to understand each other because we dont even understand our own selves. Papa and I were two different persons and we understood each other. Mama understands Neeley because hes different from her.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 44Let me be something every minute of every hour of my life. Let me be gay; let me be sad. Let me be cold; let me be warm. Let me be hungry...have too much to eat. Let me be ragged or well dressed. Let me be sincere-be deceitful. Let me be truthful; let me be a liar. Let me be honorable and let me sin. Only let me be something every blessed minute. And when I sleep, let me dream all the time so that not one little piece of living is ever lost.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 48And he asked for her whole life as simply as hed ask for a date. And she promised awa y her whole life as simply as shed offer a hand in greeting or farewell.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 52 Then one sunny day, they walk out in all innocence and they walk right into the grief that youd give your life to spare them.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 53But, then, so many things seemed like dreams to her. That man in the hallway that day: Surely that had been a dream! The way McShane had been waiting for mother all those years - a dream. Papa dead. For a long time that had been a dream but now papa was like someone who had never been. The way Laurie seemed to come out of a dream - born the living child of a father five months dead. Brooklyn was a dream. All the things that happened there just couldnt happen. It was all dream stuff. Or was it all real and true and was it that she, Francie, was the dreamer?- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 55So like papa...so like papa, she thought. But he had more strength in his face than papa had had.- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 56A new tree had grown from the stump and its trunk had grown along the gro und until it reached a place where there were no wash lines above it. Then it had started to grow towards the sky again. Annie, the fir tree, that the Nolans had cherished with waterings and manurings, had long since sickened and died. But this tree in the yardthis tree that men chopped down...this tree that they built a bonfire around, trying to burn up its stumpthis tree had lived!- Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ch. 56

Profile of Tycho Brahe, Danish Astronomer

Profile of Tycho Brahe, Danish Astronomer Imagine having a boss who was a well-known astronomer, got all his money from a nobleman, drank a lot, and eventually had his nose bit off in the Renaissance equivalent of a bar fight? That would describe Tycho Brahe, one of the more colorful characters in the history of astronomy. He may have been a feisty and interesting guy, but he also did solid work observing the sky and conning a king into paying for his own personal observatory. Among other things, Tycho Brahe was an avid sky observer and built several observatories. He also hired and fostered the great astronomer Johannes Kepler as his assistant. In his personal life, Brahe was an eccentric man, often getting himself into trouble. In one incident, he ended up in a duel with his cousin. Brahe was injured and lost part of his nose in the fight. He spent his later years fashioning replacement noses from precious metals, usually brass. For years, people claimed he died of blood poisoning, but it turns out that two posthumous examinations show that his most likely cause of death was a burst bladder. However he died, his legacy in astronomy is a strong one.   Brahes Life Brahe was born in 1546 in Knudstrup, which currently is in southern Sweden but was a part of Denmark at the time. While attending the universities of Copenhagen and Leipzig to study law and philosophy, he became interested in astronomy and spent most of his evenings studying the stars. Contributions to Astronomy One of Tycho Brahe’s first contributions to astronomy was the detection and correction of several grave errors in the standard astronomical tables in use at the time. These were tables of star positions as well as planetary motions and orbits. These errors were largely due to the slow change of star positions but also suffered from transcription errors when people copied them from one observer to the next. In 1572, Brahe discovered a supernova (the violent death of a supermassive star) located in the constellation of Cassiopeia. It became known as Tychos Supernova and is one of only eight such events recorded in the historical records prior to the invention of the telescope. Eventually, his fame at observations led to an offer from King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway to fund the construction of an astronomical observatory. The island of Hven was chosen as the location for Brahes newest observatory, and in 1576, construction began. He called the castle Uraniborg, which means fortress of the heavens. He spent twenty years there, making observations of the sky and careful notes of what he and his assistants saw. After the death of his benefactor in 1588, the kings son Christian took the throne. Brahes support slowly dwindled due to disagreements with the king. Eventually, Brahe was removed from his beloved observatory. In 1597, Emperor Rudolf II of Bohemia intervened and offered Brahe a pension of 3,000 ducats and an estate near Prague, where he planned to construct a new Uraniborg. Unfortunately, Tycho Brahe fell ill and died in 1601 before construction was complete. Tychos Legacy During his life, Tycho Brahe did not accept Nicolaus Copernicus’s model of the universe. He attempted to combine it with the Ptolemaic model (developed by ancient astronomer Claudius Ptolemy), which had never been proved accurate. He proposed that the five known planets revolved around the Sun, which, along with those planets, revolved around Earth each year. The stars, then, revolved around Earth, which was immobile. His ideas were wrong, of course, but it took many years of work by Kepler and others to finally refute the so-called Tychonic universe.   Although Tycho Brahe’s theories were incorrect, the data he collected during his lifetime was far superior to any others made prior to the invention of the telescope. His tables were used for years after his death, and remain an important part of astronomy history. After Tycho Brahe’s death,  Johannes Kepler used his observations to calculate his own three laws of planetary motion. Kepler had to fight the family to get the data, but he eventually prevailed, and astronomy is much the richer for his work on and continuation of Brahes observational legacy.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Animals and the Myriad Ways They Can Kill or Heal Us Essay

Animals and the Myriad Ways They Can Kill or Heal Us - Essay Example Bee venom is also referred to as apitoxin or bee sting venom. Scientifically, it is also known by such names as apis venenum and apitoxine among others (Stearns, 2012). As the name suggests, bee venom is a product of bees. As a matter of fact, it is the venom that makes it painful when a person is stung by bees. Nonetheless, bee venom should not be confused with honey, bee pollen or royal jelly. Basically, bee venom is a major product of the bees. These insects use it as a defense mechanism or a weapon to protect their territory. This article reveals that bee venom is not only feared but also does magic within human body. Bee venom contains some wonderful substances. In fact, it contains up to forty pharmacologically active ingredients. Some of them include mellitin, apamin, adolapin, dopamine and others. Each of these active substances has a different effect on our bodies. This means that once a bee stings a person, the pain dies after about one hour, and the venom left behind begin s to do wonders. Of course, the introduction (actual insertion of the bee sting into human body) is painful and feared by almost everyone. On the other hand, bee venom can be used to combat a number of ailments including insomnia, headache, inflammation, osteoarthritis, skin problems and others. In fact, it has been said that when a person has severe headache, he or she could have a quick relief via a bee sting. This practice is normally referred to as BVT (bee venom therapy). Astonishingly, bee venom has recently been found to contain a key ingredient that destroys HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). Perhaps, this is a breakthrough, especially considering that HIV/AIDS has continually killed millions of people without cure (Saini & Peterson, 1999). Bee venom has not only been shown to destroy HIV cells, but it also does so without harming other cells. This is very important in treatment of any other disease because the aim is not just to kill the bacteria but also to protect other body cells. Researchers have loaded the toxin (referred to as melittin) onto nanoparticles styled with bumpers that normal cells bounced off unaffected. According to the researchers, HIV cells are small enough and can fit between bumpers. This means that they can make contact with the surface of the nanoparticles where bee venom awaits (ScienceDaily, 2013). Consequently, melittin on these nanoparticles fuses with viral envelopes and ruptures them. Of course, this strips the virus’s shell thereby killing it. The difference between the bee venom technique and existing HIV treatment drugs is that the latter techniques attempt to slow down the virus’s ability to duplicate. It is worth noting that the virus has also evolved to evade most of these anti-HIV drugs. What is more, bee venom ingredients (in particular melittin) attack the virus’ natural structure. There is theoretically no mechanism to grow adaptive evasion responses to this. Altogether, ingredients found in bee venom are strategically placed to destroy HIV. The bee venom antiviral therapy has propositions for areas rampant with HIV. For instance, it can be used by women together with vaginal preventative gel. This prevents the initial infection. In addition, treatments could be devised for drug resistant HIV. Such treatments can be delivered intravenously, potentially clearing the blood of the virus. Let us not forget the possibility for this type of treatment being applicable for couples in

Utilitarianism and Deontology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Utilitarianism and Deontology - Assignment Example There are many different philosophical perspectives that one could apply to the issue of human cloning; it is the utilitarian and deontological perspective that offer two interesting comparative views. Human cloning has dominated science fiction for decades with scenarios revealing how the practice could go terribly wrong. Ethical debates have proposed many other unique issues with cloning; everything from the development of unforeseen genetic flaws, to the devaluation of life, to whether, or not, a cloned being will have rights and even a soul. (McGee) However, it is the incredible potential of medical â€Å"miracles† that cloning might allow, in all its forms, which includes, ending infertility, eradicating genetic diseases, curing illnesses, replacing damaged organs, and last but not least, the ability to create life as they see fit, that continues to lure supporters. The potential positives and plausible negatives of human cloning are not an easy controversy to weigh. Utilitarianism essentially takes an ultimate stand of; do the ends justify the means? The philosophy cares less about how you accomplish something as long as the overall outcome leads to the greatest amount of overall good and happiness. (Moreland 1) While deontology considers less the outcomes and more about the intention behind doing it. The moral intent is more important in deciding whether something is good or bad, or right or wrong, has greater than the outcomes and results. The ideology embraces the â€Å"Categorical Imperatives,† which include a "universality" within the principles, all humans are rational agents, and must be treated as such.